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DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1619822
Blutungen unter NOAK[1]
Evidenz und praktisches VorgehenBleedings under NOAC (non Vitamin-K dependent oral anticoagulants)Evidence and practical managementPublication History
received:
24 January 2014
accepted in revised form:
23 January 2015
Publication Date:
28 December 2017 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00034925/2015S01/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0037-1619822_de-1.jpg)
Summary
The doses of these drugs are barely tested and the potential clinical thromboembolic risk must be taken into account. Despite the widespread use of NOAC (non vitamin-K dependent oral anticoagulants) and recommendations of regulatory agencies and first consensus meeting on handling the bleeding situation under NOAC, especially in hospitals without a large hemostatic focus, uncertainty still exists. In case of mild bleeding from a clinical perspective, the medical care of these patients and the delay of the next dose or discontinuation is advised. A special laboratory analysis is indicated i.e. in case of known higher grade liver and kidney failure, which can cause a prolonged elimination of NOAC. The administration of factor concentrates is not indicated in this situation. In case of moderate to severe bleeding, the primary measures focus on the stabilization of the heart and circulatory function and parallel on the treatment depending on the localization of the bleeding source. According to experience, mostly gastrointestinal bleeding occurs under the NOAC, which should be supplied endoscopically. In life-threatening bleeding in addition to the measures of hemodynamic stabilization usually a special haemostasis management is required, which should be mainly clinically oriented. After the assessment of bleeding predictor, the time of the last dose and the dose of NOAC should be learned, but other causes of bleeding, including Fibrinolysis, should be excluded or treated. Subsequently, routinely promptly rivaroxaban and/ or apixaban sensitive thromboplastin time (Quick’s value) and a thrombin time (thrombin- poor calibrator) for qualitative assessment can be carried out because only very few hospitals have specific tests (anti-Xa measurements, bovine thrombin), which could be promptly done. If there is a significant deviation from the normal range or to present preliminary value of particular patient, an effect of NOAC most likely exists. In life-threatening bleeding the use of factor concentrates (procoagulants) is indicated. The first-line therapy should be PPSB. Only in exceptional cases, especially when dabigatran is taken, the use of aPPSB (FEIBA®) for prompt haemostasis can be considered. The haemostasis should be always clinically estimated and not according to coagulation tests. The use of rFVIIa (Novo Seven®) shows different results in the bleeding therapy (reversal) under Dabigatran. The doses of these drugs are barely tested and the potential clinical thromboembolic risk must be taken into account.
Conclusion
The current concepts of the newly developed antidotes are not clinically validated. First prospective, clinical registries have been started.
Zusammenfassung
Trotz des breiten Einsatzes von NOAK (nicht Vitamin-K-abhängige Antikoagulanzien) und Empfehlungen der Zulassungsbehörden und erster Konsensusmeetings zum Umgang in der Blutungssituation mit NOAK besteht insbesondere in Krankenhäusern ohne hämo - staseologischen Schwerpunkt eine große Handlungsunsicherheit. Bei aus klinischer Sicht leichten Blutungen ist die medizinische Überwachung dieser Patienten und die Verzögerung der nächsten Einnahme oder das passagere Absetzen anzuraten. Eine spezielle Laboranalytik ist u.a. besonders bei bekannter hochgradiger Leber- und Niereninsuffizienz, die eine verlängerte Elimination der NOAK verursachen können, angezeigt. Die Gabe von Faktorenkonzentraten ist in dieser Situation kontraindiziert. Bei mittelschweren bis schweren Blutungen richten sich die primären Maßnahmen auf die Stabilisierung der Herz- und Kreislauffunktion sowie parallel auf die Behandlung je nach Lokalisation des Blutungsherdes. Bei den NOAK können dies erfahrungsgemäß meist gastrointestinale Blutungen sein, welche endoskopisch versorgt werden sollten. Bei vital bedrohlichen Blutungen ist neben den Maßnahmen der hämodynamischen Stabilisierung in aller Regel ein spezielles Hämostasemanagement erforderlich, welches vorwiegend klinisch orientiert sein sollte. Nach der Beurteilung von Blutungsprädiktoren sollte der Zeitpunkt der letzten Einnahme und die NOAK-Dosis in Erfahrung gebracht werden, aber auch andere Blutungsursachen, z. B. Hyperfibrinolyse, sind auszuschließen bzw. zu behandeln. Anschließend kann zeitnah routinemäßig eine Rivaro- xaban bzw. Apixaban empfindliche Thromboplastinzeit (Quick-Wert) sowie eine Thrombinzeit (thrombinverdünnter Kalibrator) zur qualitativen Beurteilung durchgeführt werden, da den wenigsten Krankenhäusern spezifische Tests (Anti-Xa-Messung, bovine Thrombinzeit) zeitnah zur Verfügung stehen. Ist eine deutliche Abweichung zum Normbereich oder zum vorliegenden Vorwert des jeweiligen Patienten erkennbar, ist eine Wirkung von NOAK mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit gegeben. Bei vital bedrohlichen Blutungen ist dann der Einsatz von Faktorenkonzentraten (Prokoagulatoren) indiziert. Die Therapie der ersten Wahl sollte PPSB sein. Nur in absoluten Ausnahmefällen, insbesondere bei Dabigatran, kann der Einsatz von aPPSB (FEIBA®) für eine zeitnahe Blutstillung, die stets klinisch und nicht durch einen Gerinnungstest zu beurteilen ist, erwogen werden. Der Einsatz von rFVIIa (Novo Seven®) zeigt bei Blutungen unter Dabigatran unterschiedliche Ergebnisse. Die Dosierungen dieser Präparate sind klinisch kaum erprobt und das potentielle thromboembolische Risiko ist zu berücksichtigen.
Schlussfolgerung
Die aktuellen Konzepte der neu entwickelten Antidots sind klinisch nicht erprobt. Erste prospektive Register sind gestartet.
Keywords
Rivaroxaban - apixaban - dabigatran - anticoagulants - bleedings - bleeding risk - management of haemostasis - management of bleedings - PCC - FEIBA - antidotsSchlüsselwörter
Rivaroxaban - Apixaban - Dabigatran - Antikoagulanzien - Blutungen - Blutungsrisiko - Hämostasemanagement - Blutungsmanagement - PPSB - FEIBA - Antidots1 nicht Vitamin- K-abhängige Antikoagulanzien
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