Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1579694
Neurorehabilitation Topics in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: From Outcome Measurements to Rehabilitation Interventions
Publication History
Publication Date:
26 April 2016 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sin/201602/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0036-1579694_0069-1.jpg)
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and the most common cause of nontraumatic disability in young adults. It is a heterogeneous disease associated with long-term disability, negatively influencing quality of life. Disease-modifying pharmacological therapies may decrease activity and progression of the disease, and symptomatic pharmacological treatments may reduce complaints to a certain extent; however, MS patients mostly still suffer from several neurologic deficits in the course of their disease. Consequently, specific comprehensive nonpharmacological rehabilitation interventions are needed to reduce disability to obtain better independence in activities of daily living, resulting in an optimal quality of life. Here the authors give an overview of the main sensorimotor symptoms in MS. Some of the most commonly used standardized outcome assessments are presented, and existing evidence-based motor rehabilitation strategies are described.
-
References
- 1 Kamm CP, Uitdehaag BM, Polman CH. Multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future outlook. Eur Neurol 2014; 72 (3–4) 132-141
- 2 Confavreux C, Vukusic S. Natural history of multiple sclerosis: a unifying concept. Brain 2006; 129 (Pt 3): 606-616
- 3 Johansson S, Ytterberg C, Claesson IM , et al. High concurrent presence of disability in multiple sclerosis. Associations with perceived health. J Neurol 2007; 254 (6) 767-773
- 4 Kurtzke JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33 (11) 1444-1452
- 5 Kamm CP, Heldner MR, Vanbellingen T, Mattle HP, Müri R, Bohlhalter S. Limb apraxia in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and impact on manual dexterity and activities of daily living. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93 (6) 1081-1085
- 6 de Sa JC, Airas L, Bartholome E , et al. Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: a review for a multimodal approach in clinical practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 4 (3) 139-168
- 7 Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, Thompson AJ. The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997; 42 (2) 236-244
- 8 Khan F, Pallant JF, Brand C, Kilpatrick TJ. Effectiveness of rehabilitation intervention in persons with multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79 (11) 1230-1235
- 9 Barrett CL, Mann GE, Taylor PN, Strike P. A randomized trial to investigate the effects of functional electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercise on walking performance for people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15 (4) 493-504
- 10 Beer S, Khan F, Kesselring J. Rehabilitation interventions in multiple sclerosis: an overview. J Neurol 2012; 259 (9) 1994-2008
- 11 Motl RW, Pilutti LA. The benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8 (9) 487-497
- 12 Kargarfard M, Etemadifar M, Baker P, Mehrabi M, Hayatbakhsh R. Effect of aquatic exercise training on fatigue and health-related quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93 (10) 1701-1708
- 13 Dawes H, Korpershoek N, Freebody J , et al. A pilot randomised controlled trial of a home-based exercise programme aimed at improving endurance and function in adults with neuromuscular disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77 (8) 959-962
- 14 Kamm CP, Mattle HP, Müri RM , et al. Home-based training to improve manual dexterity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler 2015; 21 (12) 1546-1556
- 15 Rietberg MB, Brooks D, Uitdehaag BMJ, Kwakkel G. Exercise therapy for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (1) CD003980
- 16 Mills RJ, Yap L, Young CA. Treatment for ataxia in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (1) CD005029
- 17 Khan F, Turner-Stokes L, Ng L, Kilpatrick T. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for adults with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (2) CD006036
- 18 Amatya B, Khan F, La Mantia L, Demetrios M, Wade DT. Non pharmacological interventions for spasticity in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2 (2) CD009974
- 19 Khan F, Amatya B, Kesselring J, Galea M. Telerehabilitation for persons with multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 4 (4) CD010508
- 20 Spooren AI, Timmermans AA, Seelen HA. Motor training programs of arm and hand in patients with MS according to different levels of the ICF: a systematic review. BMC Neurol 2012; 12: 49
- 21 Feinstein A, Freeman J, Lo AC. Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: what works, what does not, and what is needed. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14 (2) 194-207
- 22 Kesselring J, Beer S. Symptomatic therapy and neurorehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4 (10) 643-652
- 23 Kos D, Kerckhofs E, Nagels G, D'hooghe MB, Ilsbroukx S. Origin of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: review of the literature. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 22 (1) 91-100
- 24 Vucic S, Burke D, Kiernan MC. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and management. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121 (6) 809-817
- 25 Krupp LB, Alvarez LA, LaRocca NG, Scheinberg LC. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1988; 45 (4) 435-437
- 26 Fisk JD, Pontefract A, Ritvo PG, Archibald CJ, Murray TJ. The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol Sci 1994; 21 (1) 9-14
- 27 MacAllister WS, Krupp LB. Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2005; 16 (2) 483-502
- 28 Ziemssen T. Multiple sclerosis beyond EDSS: depression and fatigue. J Neurol Sci 2009; 277 (Suppl. 01) S37-S41
- 29 Rizzo MA, Hadjimichael OC, Preiningerova J, Vollmer TL. Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2004; 10 (5) 589-595
- 30 Cattaneo D, Jonsdottir J. Sensory impairments in quiet standing in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15 (1) 59-67
- 31 Newsome SD, Wang JI, Kang JY, Calabresi PA, Zackowski KM. Quantitative measures detect sensory and motor impairments in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2011; 305 (1–2) 103-111
- 32 Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2008; 372 (9648) 1502-1517
- 33 Dalgas U, Stenager E, Jakobsen J , et al. Resistance training improves muscle strength and functional capacity in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2009; 73 (18) 1478-1484
- 34 Cheng EM, Hays RD, Myers LW, Ellison GW, Beckstrand M, Vickrey BG. Factors related to agreement between self-reported and conventional Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Mult Scler 2001; 7 (6) 405-410
- 35 Bowen J, Gibbons L, Gianas A, Kraft GH. Self-administered Expanded Disability Status Scale with functional system scores correlates well with a physician-administered test. Mult Scler 2001; 7 (3) 201-206
- 36 Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a Modified Ashworth Scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 1987; 67 (2) 206-207
- 37 Rasova K, Martinkova P, Vyskotova J, Sedova M. Assessment set for evaluation of clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: psychometric properties. Patient Relat Outcome Meas 2012; 3: 59-70
- 38 Ansari NN, Naghdi S, Mashayekhi M, Hasson S, Fakhari Z, Jalaie S. Intra-rater reliability of the Modified Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) in the assessment of upper-limb muscle spasticity. NeuroRehabilitation 2012; 31 (2) 215-222
- 39 Farrar JT, Troxel AB, Stott C, Duncombe P, Jensen MP. Validity, reliability, and clinical importance of change in a 0-10 numeric rating scale measure of spasticity: a post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2008; 30 (5) 974-985
- 40 Lamers I, Kelchtermans S, Baert I, Feys P. Upper limb assessment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of outcome measures and their psychometric properties. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95 (6) 1184-1200
- 41 Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 66 (2) 69-74
- 42 Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Hébert R, Dutil E. Normative data for grip strength of elderly men and women. Am J Occup Ther 1995; 49 (7) 637-644
- 43 Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult norms for Nine Hole Peg Test of finger dexterity. Occup Ther J Res 1985; 5: 24-38
- 44 Oxford Grice K, Vogel KA, Le V, Mitchell A, Muniz S, Vollmer MA. Adult norms for a commercially available Nine Hole Peg Test for finger dexterity. Am J Occup Ther 2003; 57 (5) 570-573
- 45 Heldner MR, Vanbellingen T, Bohlhalter S, Mattle HP, Müri RM, Kamm CP. Coin rotation task: a valid test for manual dexterity in multiple sclerosis. Phys Ther 2014; 94 (11) 1644-1651
- 46 Hill BD, Barkemeyer CA, Jones GN, Santa Maria MP, Minor KS, Browndyke JN. Validation of the coin rotation test: a simple, inexpensive, and convenient screening tool for impaired psychomotor processing speed. Neurologist 2010; 16 (4) 249-253
- 47 Hanna-Pladdy B, Mendoza JE, Apostolos GT, Heilman KM. Lateralised motor control: hemispheric damage and the loss of deftness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73 (5) 574-577
- 48 Vanbellingen T, Kersten B, Bellion M , et al. Impaired finger dexterity in Parkinson's disease is associated with praxis function. Brain Cogn 2011; 77 (1) 48-52
- 49 Phan-Ba R, Pace A, Calay P , et al. Comparison of the timed 25-foot and the 100-meter walk as performance measures in multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25 (7) 672-679
- 50 Cohen JA, Reingold SC, Polman CH, Wolinsky JS ; International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials in Multiple Sclerosis. Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: current status and future prospects. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11 (5) 467-476
- 51 Goldman MD, Motl RW, Scagnelli J, Pula JH, Sosnoff JJ, Cadavid D. Clinically meaningful performance benchmarks in MS: timed 25-foot walk and the real world. Neurology 2013; 81 (21) 1856-1863
- 52 Schmitz-Hübsch T, du Montcel ST, Baliko L , et al. Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia: development of a new clinical scale. Neurology 2006; 66 (11) 1717-1720
- 53 Karabudak R, Dahdaleh M, Aljumah M , et al. Functional clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: Current status and future prospects. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 4 (3) 192-201
- 54 Riazi A, Hobart JC, Lamping DL, Fitzpatrick R, Thompson AJ. Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29): reliability and validity in hospital based samples. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 73 (6) 701-704
- 55 Hobart JC, Riazi A, Lamping DL, Fitzpatrick R, Thompson AJ. How responsive is the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29)? A comparison with some other self report scales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76 (11) 1539-1543
- 56 Sandroff BM, Motl RW, Pilutti LA , et al. Accuracy of StepWatch™ and ActiGraph accelerometers for measuring steps taken among persons with multiple sclerosis. PLoS ONE 2014; 9 (4) e93511
- 57 Sosnoff JJ, Weikert M, Dlugonski D, Smith DC, Motl RW. Quantifying gait impairment in multiple sclerosis using GAITRite technology. Gait Posture 2011; 34 (1) 145-147
- 58 Rudick RA, Miller D, Bethoux F , et al. The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): an iPad-based disability assessment tool. J Vis Exp 2014; (88) e51318
- 59 Latimer-Cheung AE, Pilutti LA, Hicks AL , et al. Effects of exercise training on fitness, mobility, fatigue, and health-related quality of life among adults with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review to inform guideline development. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94 (9) 1800-1828.e3
- 60 Blikman LJ, Huisstede BM, Kooijmans H, Stam HJ, Bussmann JB, van Meeteren J. Effectiveness of energy conservation treatment in reducing fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94 (7) 1360-1376
- 61 Beckerman H, Blikman LJ, Heine M , et al; TREFAMS-ACE study group. The effectiveness of aerobic training, cognitive behavioural therapy, and energy conservation management in treating MS-related fatigue: the design of the TREFAMS-ACE programme. Trials 2013; 14: 250
- 62 European Multiple Sclerosis Platform (EMSP). Recommendations on rehabilitation services for persons with multiple sclerosis in Europe. Brussels, Belgium: European Multiple Sclerosis Platform, AISBL City and Publishing House; 2012
- 63 National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Management of MS in primary and secondary care. Clinical guideline 8. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2003
- 64 Latimer-Cheung AE, Martin Ginis KA, Hicks AL , et al. Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94 (9) 1829-1836.e7
- 65 Lozano-Quilis JA, Gil-Gómez H, Gil-Gómez JA , et al. Virtual rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis using a kinect-based system: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Serious Games 2014; 2 (2) e12
- 66 Zeller D, Classen J. Plasticity of the motor system in multiple sclerosis. Neuroscience 2014; 283: 222-230
- 67 Bonzano L, Tacchino A, Brichetto G , et al. Upper limb motor rehabilitation impacts white matter microstructure in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2014; 90: 107-116