Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398657
Experimente zum Thema Handlungsbereitschaft – 50 Jahre Bereitschaftspotential[1]
Experiments into Readiness for Action – 50 years BereitschaftspotentialPublication History
Publication Date:
06 March 2015 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/klinneuro/201501/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0034-1398657-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Mein Mentor H. H. Kornhuber (1928–2009) und ich haben 1964 in Freiburg i. Br. Hirnpotentiale gefunden, die Willenshandlungen vorausgehen: Bereitschaftspotential (BP), weltweit so genannt (ein deutsches Wort in der englischen Sprache). Das BP war kein Zufallsbefund; wir haben gezielt nach Zeichen selbst-aktiver Intention und Willen gesucht. Der Arbeitsplatz des BPs auch mit Fotos, sowie der wissenschaftliche Hintergrund der BP-Entdeckung werden beschrieben. Die BP-Publikation (1965) wurde ein ‚Citation Classic‘, von denen noch 3 weitere erschienen. Klinische Anwendung: BP beim Parkinson. Das BP-Analogon im MEG (Magnetoenzephalogramm) Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld wurde gefunden. Die Libet-Versuche werden kritisch diskutiert. Visuelle Trackingbewegungen von Lang et al. zeigten, dass die SMA (supplementäre motorische Area) die Bewegung startet aber nicht ausführt, sie delegiert dies an den ‚Experten‘ optischer Cortex. Cunnington et al. leiteten im fMRT den Bereitschafts-BOLD-Effekt ab, die Kurve sieht aus wie das BP. Kornhuber und ich fanden, dass auch die CMA (cinguläre motorische Area) vor Handlungen aktiv ist. Cunnington hat dazu Neues.
Abstract
My mentor H. H. Kornhuber (1928–2009) and I recorded – in 1964 in Freiburg, Germany – brain potentials preceding willed, volitional actions: Bereitschaftspotential, BP, so named worldwide – a German word in the English language. The BP was not a serendipitous discovery – we were purposefully searching for signs of self-active intention and will. The original experimental setup of the BP with photos, and the historical scientific background are described. The publication in 1965 became a citation classic; 3 further citation classics appeared. Clinical application: BP in Parkinson’s disease. The BP analogue in the MEG (Magnetoencephalography) ‘Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld’ was found by us. Libet’s experiments are critically reviewed. Visual tracking movements of Lang et al. revealed evidence that the SMA (supplementary motor area) is starting the tracking movement but is not executing it, the SMA is delegating this to the ‘expert’ visual cortex. Cunnington et al. recorded the Bereitschafts-BOLD effect in the fMRI, the curve looks like the BP. Kornhuber and I found that also the CMA (cingulate motor area) is active preceding actions. Cunnington has news on that.
1 Teilweise mündlich vorgetragen auf dem 30th International Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology, ICCN2014 Berlin 20.–23. März 2014 am 20. März 2014 08:30 in der Session Bereitschaftspotential: 50 years after its discovery.
-
Literatur
- 1 McCallum WC, Knott JR. The responsive brain. John Wright & Sons Ltd.; Bristol: 1976. 272
- 2 Rosslenbroich B. Autonomiezunahme als Modus der Makroevolution. Galunder Verlag; Nümbrecht: 2007. ISBN 978 3 89909 074 1
- 3 Kant I. Zum ewigen Frieden. Königsberg: Nicolovius; 1795
- 4 Kornhuber HH. Motorische Systeme und sensomotorische Integration. In: Stamm RA, Zeier H. (eds.) Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts. Bd. VI. Zürich: Kindler; 1978: 750-762
- 5 Kornhuber HH. Attention, readiness for action, and the stages of voluntary decision. Exp Brain Res 1984; (Suppl. 09) 420-429
- 6 Kornhuber HH. Handlungsentschluss, Aufmerksamkeit und Lernmotivation im Spiegel menschlicher Hirnpotentiale, mit Bemerkungen zu Wille und Freiheit. In: Heckhausen H, Gollwitzer PM, Weinert FE. (eds.) Jenseits des Rubikon: Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 1987: 376-401
- 7 Kornhuber HH. The Human brain: from dream and cognition to fantasy, will, conscience, and freedom. In: Markowitsch HJ. (ed.) Information processing by the brain. Toronto, Bern, Stuttgart: Hans Huber Publ; 1988: 241-258
- 8 Kornhuber HH. Gehirn, Wille, Freiheit. Rev Metaphys et Morale 1992; 2: 203-223
- 9 Kornhuber HH. Prefrontal cortex and Homo sapiens: on creativity and reasoned will. Neurol Psychiat Brain Res 1993; 2: 1-6
- 10 Walter WG, Cooper R, Aldridge VJ, McCallum WC, Winter AL. Contingent negative variation: An electric sign of sensori-motor association and expectancy in the human brain. Nature 1964; 203: 380-384
- 11 Clynes M. CAT: Computer of average transients. Instrum Control Syst 1962; 35: 87-91
- 12 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. Hirnpotentialänderungen beim Menschen vor und nach Willkürbewegungen, dargestellt mit Magnetbandspeicherung und Rückwärtsanalyse. Pflügers Arch 1964; 281: 52
- 13 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Pflügers Arch 1965; 284: 1-17 ‘Citation Classic’
- 14 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. Readiness for movement – The Bereitschaftspotential story. Citation Classic Commentary. Current Contents Life Sciences 1990; 33: 14
- 15 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. Readiness for movement – The Bereitschaftspotential story. Citation Classic Commentary. Current Contents Clinical Medicine 1990; 18: 14
- 16 Deecke L, Scheid P, Kornhuber HH. Distribution of readiness potential, pre-motion positivity and motor potential of the human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Exp Brain Res 1969; 7: 158-168 criteria met for Citation Classic
- 17 Eccles JC. The understanding of the brain. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1973. xv 238
- 18 Popper KR, Eccles JC. The self and its brain. An argument for interactionism. Springer International; Berlin, Heidelberg, London New York: 1977. 597
- 19 Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The Cerebral Cortex of Man. New York: Macmillan; 1950
- 20 Deecke L, Grözinger B, Kornhuber HH. Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biol Cybern 1976; 23: 99-119 criteria met for Citation Classic
- 21 Deecke L, Kornhuber HH. An electrical sign of participation of the mesial “supplementary” motor cortex in human voluntary finger movement. Brain Res 1978; 159: 473-476 criteria met for Citation Classic
- 22 Kornhuber HH. Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia: an introduction to their motor functions. In: Schmitt FU, Worden FG. (eds.). The Neurosciences. Third Study Program. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press; 1974: 267-280
- 23 Kornhuber HH. The vestibular and the general motor system. In: Kornhuber HH. (ed.) Handbook of Sensory Physiology VI/2 Vestibular System Part 2. Springer; Berlin: 1974: 581-620
- 24 Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally aggregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357-381
- 25 DeLong MR. Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 281-285
- 26 Marsden CD, Deecke L, Freund H-J, Hallett M, Passingham RE, Shibasaki H, Tanji J, Wiesendanger M. The functions of the supplementary motor area: Summary of a workshop. Advances in Neurology, Vol. 70: Supplementary Sensorimotor Area. Lüders HO. (ed.) 1996. 477-487
- 27 Barrett G, Shibasaki H, Neshige R. Cortical potential shifts preceding voluntary movement are normal in parkinsonism. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 63: 340-348
- 28 Dick JPR, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Cantello R, Buruma O, Gioux M, Benecke R, Berardelli A, Thompson PD, Marsden CD. The Bereitschaftspotential is abnormal in Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1989; 112: 233-244
- 29 Harasko van der Meer C, Gerschlager W, Lalouschek W, Lindinger G, Deecke L, Lang W. Bereitschaftspotential preceding onset and termination of a movement is abnormal in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1996; 11 (Suppl. 01) 84
- 30 Lang W, Deecke L. Psychophysiologie der Motorik. Chapter 5 in: Rösler F. (ed.) Volume 5 Ergebnisse und Anwendungen der Psychophysiologie. Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, Serie I Biologische Psychologie. Hogrefe; Göttingen: 1998: 225-283
- 31 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L (eds.) Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Prog Brain Res 1980; 54: 811
- 32 Deecke L, Eccles JC, Mountcastle VB. (eds.) From Neuron to Action. An Appraisal of Fundamental and Clinical Research. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer Verlag; 1990. xii 677 ISBN 3-540-52072-4
- 33 Lang W, Lang M, Kornhuber A, Deeche L, Kornhuber HH. Human cerebral potentials and visuo-motor learning. Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol 1983; 399: 342-344
- 34 Deecke L, Heise B, Kornhuber HH, Lang M, Lang W. Brain potentials associated with voluntary manual tracking: Bereitschaftspotential, conditioned pre-motion positivity, directed attention potential, and relaxation potential. Anticipatory activity of the limbic and frontal cortex. In: Karrer R, Cohen J, Tueting P. (eds.) Ann NY Acad Sci. 1984. 425. 450-464
- 35 Kleist K. Gehirnpathologie. Barth, Leipzig 1934
- 36 Shallice T, Burgess P. Higher-order cognitive impairments and frontal lobe lesions in man. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL. (eds.). Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991: 125-138
- 37 Lang W, Lang M, Heise B, Deecke L, Kornhuber HH. Brain potentials related to voluntary hand tracking, motivation and attention. Hum Neurobiol 1984; 3: 235-240
- 38 Deecke L, Kornhuber HH, Lang W, Lang M, Schreiber H. Timing function of the frontal cortex in sequential motor and learning tasks. Hum Neurobiol 1985; 4: 143-154
- 39 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L, Lang W, Lang M. Will, volitional action, attention and cerebral potentials in man: Bereitschaftspotential, performance-related potentials, directed attention potential, EEG spectrum changes. In Hershberger WA. (ed.) Volitional action. Conation and control. Elsevier Science; North Holland: 1989: 107-168
- 40 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. Wille und Gehirn. 2. überarb. Aufl. Edition Sirius Bielefeld/Basel: Aisthesis-Verlag; 2009. 158 Ss. ISBN 978-3-89528-628-5
- 41 Kornhuber HH, Deecke L. The will and its brain – an appraisal of reasoned free will. University press of America; Lanham, MD, USA: 2012. xvi 116 ISBN978-0-7618-5862-1
- 42 Eccles JC, Creutzfeldt O. (eds.) The principles of design and operation of the brain. Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia 78; Rome, Vatican: 1990
- 43 Deecke L, Lang W. Movement-related potentials and complex actions: Coordinating role of the supplementary motor area. In: Eccles JC, Creutzfeldt O. (eds.). The principles of design and operation of the brain. Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia 78; Rome Vatican: 1990: 303-336
- 44 Libet B. Cerebral processes that distinguish conscious experience from unconscious mental functions. In: Eccles JC, Creutzfeldt O. (eds.). The principles of design and operation of the brain. Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia 78; Rome Vatican: 1990: 186-202
- 45 Libet B, Gleason CA, Wright EW, Pearl DK. Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). Brain 1983; 106: 623-642
- 46 Dennett D. Freedom evolves. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press; 2003
- 47 Deecke L. There are conscious and unconscious agendas in the brain and both are important – our will can be conscious as well as unconscious. Brain Sci 2012; 2: 405-420
- 48 Deecke L. Freies Wollen und Handeln aus dem Urgrund der Seele. In: Peschl MF. Hrsg Die Rolle der Seele in der Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaft. Auf der Suche nach dem Substrat der Seele. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann; 63-108 ISBN 3-8260-2909-7
- 49 Deecke L. Was ist Geist aus der Sicht der Hirnforschung?. In: Appel K, Weber HP, Langthaler R, Müller S. Hrsg Naturalisierung des Geistes? Beiträge zur gegenwärtigen Debatte um den Geist. Königshausen & Neumann; Würzburg: 2008: 92-134 ISBN 978-3-8260-3811-2
- 50 Pockett S, Miller A. The rotating spot method of timing subjective events. Consciousness & Cognition 2007; 16: 241-254
- 51 Cui RQ, Huter D, Lang W, Lindinger G, Beisteiner R, Deecke L. Multichannel DC current source density mapping of the Bereitschaftspotential in the supplementary and primary motor area preceding differently loaded movements. Brain Topography 1996; 9: 83-94
- 52 Deecke L, Weinberg H, Brickett P. Magnetic fields of the human brain accompanying voluntary movement. Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld. Exp Brain Res 1982; 48: 144-148
- 53 Deecke L, Boschert J, Weinberg H, Brichett P. Magnetic fields of the human brain (Bereitschaftsmagnetfeld) preceding voluntary foot and toe movements. Exp Brain Res 1983; 52: 81-86
- 54 Weinberg H, Brickett P, Deecke L, Boschert J. Slow magnetic fields of the brain preceding movements and speech. Proceedings of the IV Int Workshop on Biomagnetism, Rome Sept, 1982 Il Nuovo Cimento 1983; 2: 495-504
- 55 Kristeva R, Cheyne D, Deecke L. Neuromagnetic fields accompanying unilateral and bilateral voluntary movements: topography and analysis of cortical sources. Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 81: 284-298
- 56 Lang W, Cheyne D, Kristeva R, Beisteiner R, Lindinger G, Deecke L. Three-dimensional localization of SMA activity preceding voluntary movement. A study of electric and magnetic fields in a patient with infarction of the right supplementary motor area. Exp Brain Res 1991; 87: 688-695
- 57 Erdler M, Beisteiner R, Mayer D, Kaindl T, Edward V, Windischberger C, Lindinger G, Deecke L. Supplementary motor area activation preceding voluntary movement is detectable with a whole scalp magnetoencephalography system. NeuroImage 2000; 11: 697-707
- 58 Pataraia K, Lindinger G, Deecke L, Mayer D, Baumgartner C. Combined MEG/EEG analysis of the interictal spike complex in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. NeuroImage 2005; 24: 607-614
- 59 Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E. The use of single event fMRI and fuzzy clustering analysis to examine haemodynamic response time courses in supplementary motor and primary motor cortical areas. Biomed Technik 1999; 44 (Suppl. 02) 116-119
- 60 Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E. The preparation and execution of self-initiated and externally-triggered movement: A study of event-related fMRI. NeuroImage 2002; 15: 373-385
- 61 Cunnington R, Windischberger C, Deecke L, Moser E. The preparation and readiness for voluntary movement: a high-field event-related fMRI study of the Bereitschafts-BOLD response. NeuroImage 2003; 20: 404-412
- 62 Deecke L, Kornhuber HH. Human freedom, reasoned will, and the brain: The Bereitschaftspotential story. In: Jahanshahi M, Hallett M. (eds.) The Bereitschaftspotential, movement-related cortical potentials. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; New York: 2003: 283-320 ISBN 0-306-47407-7
- 63 Jahanshahi M, Hallett M. (eds.) The Bereitschaftspotential, movement-related cortical potentials. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; New York: viii 2003: 334 ISBN 0-306-47407-7
- 64 Amador N, Fried I. Single-neuron activity in the human supplementary motor area underlying preparation for action. J Neurosurg 2004; 100: 250-259
- 65 Gerloff C, Corwell B, Chen R, Hallett M, Cohen LG. Stimulation over the human supplementary motor area interferes with the organization of future elements in complex motor sequences. Brain 1997; 120: 1587-1602
- 66 Ziegler W, Kilian B, Deger K. The role of the left mesial frontal cortex in fluent speech: evidence from a case of left supplementary motor area hemorrhage. Neuropsychologia 1997; 35: 1197-1208
- 67 Goldberg G, Bloom KK. The alien hand sign. Localisation, lateralisation and recovery. Am J Phys Med Med & Rehabil 1990; 69: 228-238
- 68 Shibasaki H, Hallett M. What is the Bereitschaftspotential?. Clin Neurophysiol 2006; 117: 2341-2356
- 69 Kasess CH, Windischberger C, Cunnington R, Lanzenberger R, Pezawas L, Moser E. The suppressive influence of SMA on M1 in motor imagery revealed by fMRI and dynamic causal modeling. NeuroImage 2008; 40: 828-837
- 70 Uhl F, Goldenberg G, Lang W, Lindinger G, Steiner M, Deecke L. Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map – II. Negative cortical DC-potentials. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 81-93
- 71 Goldenberg G, Podreka I, Uhl F, Steiner M, Willmes K, Deecke L et al. Cerebral correlates of imagining colours, faces and a map – I. SPECT of regional cerebral blood flow. Neuropsychologia 1989; 27: 1315-1328
- 72 Lang W, Lang M, Podreka I, Steiner M, Uhl F, Suess E, Müller C, Deecke L. DC-potential shifts and regional cerebral blood flow reveal frontal cortex involvement in human visuomotor learning. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71: 353-364
- 73 Shima K, Aya K, Mushiake H, Tanji J et al. Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimb movements. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 188-202
- 74 Tanji J. The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex. Neurosci Res 1994; 19: 251-268
- 75 Shima K, Tanji J. Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward. Science 1998; 282: 1336-1338
- 76 Nguyen VT, Breakspear M, Cunnington R. Reciprocal interactions of the SMA and cingulate cortex sustain pre-movement activity for voluntary actions. J Neurosci 2014; 34: 16397-16407
- 77 Deecke L. Hirnpotentialänderungen bei Willkürbewegungen und passiven Bewegungen des Menschen: Bereitschaftspotential und reafferente Potentiale. Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der medizinischen Doktorwürde, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg 1965