Synchronous Esthesioneuroblastoma and Growth-Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Macroadenoma: Combined Open and Endoscopic Management

Abstract

Background Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that arises from the olfactory neuroepithelium. In this article we report a case of esthesioneuroblastoma presenting concomitantly with a growth-hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary macroadenoma.

Results A 52 year old woman underwent surgery for suspected nasal polyps. Intralesional debulking of an intranasal tumor disclosed a low-grade esthesioneuroblastoma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large nasal and intracranial tumor, in addition to a separate sellar and suprasellar tumor. The patient was frankly acromegalic. She underwent a first-stage gross total resection of the esthesioneuroblastoma via a combined extended subfrontal and extended endonasal approach, followed by focused radiation therapy. She then returned for endoscopic removal of the GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma.

Conclusion The combined open and endoscopic management of this patient is described and a review of the literature presented. To our knowledge this is the first case of synchronous esthesioneuroblastoma and macroadenoma, in this case GH secreting, described in the literature.

Keywords

esthesioneuroblastoma - pituitary adenoma - acromegaly - endoscopic skull base surgery - craniofacial resection

Introduction

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant neoplasm that arises from the olfactory neuroepithelium[1] and is typically located in the upper nasal cavity and cribriform plate.[2] In this article we report a case of esthesioneuroblastoma presenting concomitantly with a growth-hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary macroadenoma. The combined open and endoscopic management of this patient is described, and a review of the literature presented.

Case Report

The patient is a 52-year-old woman who presented with a 9-month history of recurrent sinusitis refractory to a repeated course of antibiotics. She was seen by an outside ear nose and throat surgeon who operated on her for suspected nasal polyps. A partial debulking of an intranasal lesion disclosed a low-grade esthesioneuroblastoma. She complained of right orbital pain postoperatively and was also treated for a postoperative sinusitis. In retrospect, she admitted to a 4-month history of anosmia, although she denied any alteration of taste. Neurosurgical clinical evaluation revealed frank acromegalic features. Visual acuity was 20/30-1 in both eyes with a very mild bitemporal hemianopia. Her eye movements were full and facial sensation was normal. Subsequent computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and sinuses demonstrated an enhancing mass along the anterior skull base with extension through the right cribriform plate, with a lobular component displacing the right gyrus rectus, along the right medial orbital wall and into the nasal cavity. Also seen was a large sellar and suprasellar unrelated macroadenoma ([Fig. 1]). A preoperative cervical MRI was negative for metastatic disease.

Fig. 1 (A) Sagittal, (B) coronal, and (C) axial T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium demonstrating anterior skull base esthesioneuroblastoma with involvement of the right lamina papyracea and extension through the cribriform plate and dura, and a noncontiguous pituitary macroadenoma. (D–F) MRI after intial gross total resection of esthesioneuroblastoma. (G–I) MRI after a second-stage endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenoma, with reconstitution of the normal residual pituitary gland.

Her preoperative insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 level was 154.00 nmol/L (normal: 7.60–25.20 nmol/L), and prolactin was mildly elevated at 36.2 µg/L (normal: 3.9–29.5 µg/L). In light of the tumor size, the right lamina papyracea destruction, and significant intradural involvement, the tumor stage was classified as T4N0M0 based on the Dulguerov TNM system[3] and Kadish stage C.[4] A recommendation of staged resection of the esthesioneuroblastoma followed by the pituitary macroadenoma was made. For the first stage, a combined open and endoscopic resection was proposed, to facilitate a true en bloc resection and to harvest a generous pericranial flap for repair. Following this, the patient would undergo stereotactic radiation to the tumor bed, and she would return electively for endoscopic resection of the pituitary macroadenoma.

The first-stage operation was performed as follows. An extended subfrontal approach was completed first, consisting of a bicoronal incision, bifrontal craniotomy, and bilateral orbital osteotomy sparing the cribriform plate. The tumor was immediately identified violating the dura. A generous extracapsular dissection of the intradural portion of the tumor was completed as well as a wide dural incision around the tumor, including posteriorly at the posterior aspect of the planum sphenoidale. The endonasal endoscopic approach was then performed ([Fig. 2]), consisting of a right middle turbinectomy, complete sphenoethmoidectomies, and a superior septectomy. The lamina papyracea component of tumor was resected with the aid of a handheld retractor protecting the periorbita from the orbitotomy above ([Video 1]). The anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries were cauterized and divided. The left side of the planum was drilled out as was the posterior planum, releasing the tumor as a single specimen. As such, an en bloc resection was completed without violation of the tumor. The dural defect was reconstructed with a free pericranial graft, and a second pedicled pericranial flap was mobilized over the dural closure prior to replacement of the orbital osteotomy and craniotomy flap. Postoperatively she developed symptomatic pneumocephalus that was thought to be secondary to lumbar drain placement. The pneumocephalus resolved with 100% oxygen and discontinuation of the lumbar drain. There were no other complications postoperatively, and the patient was discharged home on postoperative day 7. The rationale for staging was to avoid potential complications during the esthesioneuroblastoma resection, such as a separate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak or hypopituitarism, and possibly delaying adjuvant radiation therapy. Following complete resection of the esthesioneuroblastoma and radiation therapy, the patient returned to electively manage the pituitary tumor.

Video 1

Combined open and endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastoma.

Online content including video sequences viewable at: www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0034-1372472.

Fig. 2 Endonasal endoscopic view of esthesioneuroblastoma with exophytic growth in the right nasal cavity.

Pathologic examination ([Fig. 3]) revealed a small blue cell tumor arranged in lobules and with mild nuclear pleomorphism. Rosettes were infrequent. There was positive staining for chromogranin A and synaptophysin. Sustentacular cells were present and stained positive for S-100 protein. The specimen was consistent with a Hyams grade 2 esthesioneuroblastoma.[5] Postoperative MRI confirmed gross total resection of the esthesioneuroblastoma ([Fig. 1D–F]). Postoperatively, the patient underwent fractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy to the resection area. A total of 60 Gy over 30 fractions were administered, after which six cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel were given.

Fig. 3 (A) Hematoxylin and eosin preparation demonstrating a small blue cell tumor arranged in lobules and with mild nuclear pleomorphism. (B) There was positive staining for chromogranin A and synaptophysin. (C) Sustentacular cells were present and stained positive for S-100 protein. The specimen was consistent with a Hyams grade 2 esthesioneuroblastoma. (D) In a second stage, a typical pituitary macroadenoma was removed.

As a second stage, 8 months following the first surgery, the patient underwent a complete endoscopic transsphenoidal removal of the pituitary macroadenoma ([Fig. 4]). There was a mild intraoperative CSF leak at the end of the resection, and a right nasoseptal flap was harvested in this case to repair the sella as well as autologous fascia lata. The pericranial repair from the craniofacial resection site was pristine. She was discharged home on postoperative day 2 without complications. Pathology for the pituitary tumor was consistent with a pituitary adenoma, with both prolactin and GH positivity ([Fig. 3D]). By 2-week follow-up, there was marked improvement in her acromegalic features, the patient's facial complexion had improved and the finger breadth diminished ([Fig. 5]).

Fig. 4 Stage 2 resection of the pituitary macroadenoma. (A) Endoscopic view right nasal cavity demonstrating pristine pericranial repair of anterior skull base resection. (B) Transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenoma with (C) nasoseptal flap reconstruction.

Fig. 5 (A) Patient postoperative day 2 combined open and endoscopic resection of esthesioneuroblastoma. (B) Patient 2 weeks after endoscopic resection of growth-hormone-secreting pituitary macroadenoma, demonstrating early resolution of acromegalic facies.

Postoperatively, her IGF-1 level normalized, from 154.00 to 22.00 nmol/L, consistent with endocrinologic cure.[6] The remainder of her pituitary hormonal panel is otherwise normal. Her last ophthalmologic assessment revealed 20/20-1 visual acuity in both eyes with no evidence of optic neuropathy or visual field deficit. Her most recent MRI demonstrated complete resection of the pituitary macroadenoma with reconstitution of the normal residual pituitary gland ([Fig. 1G–I]). The patient remains free from recurrence of esthesioneuroblastoma through 14 months thus far.

Discussion

To our knowledge this is the first case of synchronous esthesioneuroblastoma and macroadenoma, in this case GH secreting, described in the literature. Esthesioneuroblastoma has been described as a secondary tumor occurring many years after treatment for pituitary neoplasms,[7] [8] presumably from radiation therapy. Several cases of primary intrasellar esthesioneuroblastoma or neuroblastoma in the absence of pituitary adenoma have also been reported.[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] Esthesioneuroblastoma can mimic pituitary adenomas in imaging appearance, and misdiagnoses of pituitary adenoma have been reported.[18] Positive immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin are distinguishing features.[2]

No etiologic basis or risk factors for esthesioneuroblastoma formation have been described, although several cases have been identified following radiation therapy or exposure[19] [20] [21] including two cases following remote radiation for pituitary adenomas.[7] [8] One case of esthesioneuroblastoma was described followed kidney transplant and immunosuppression therapy.[22] Very rarely esthesioneuroblastoma presents in association with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion.[23]

Patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of several neoplasms including colorectal and thyroid cancer and possibly breast, prostate, and hematologic malignancies.[24] Both GH and IGF-1 are known to promote cellular growth and proliferation, and they may also have mitogenic, proangiogenic, and antiapoptotic properties.[25] [26] Several authors have observed an association between high serum IGF-1 levels and colorectal malignancy in acromegalic patients.[27] [28] [29] A meta-analysis of 21 studies and 3609 cases found associations between high IGF-1 levels and prostate and premenopausal breast cancer.[30] In a prospective study, fasting and 2-hour GH levels were also associated with increased mortality from combined malignancies among nonacromegalic cohorts.[31] Other possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis include altered cellular immunity, related to an altered lymphocyte subset pattern. Colao et al found a significant reduction in cluster of differentiation (CD) 19 and 20, and an increase in CD3 from the lamina propria of polyps in patients with acromegaly.[28]

Standard surgical management of anterior skull base malignancies including esthesioneuroblastomas is typically in the form of an open craniofacial resection. The management of malignant tumors of the anterior skull base has received considerable attention in the recent literature owing to increasing trends of purely endoscopic or combined open and endoscopic oncologic resection. In one meta-analysis of all sinonasal malignancies, no statistically significant difference in outcome between open and endoscopic resection was found for low-grade (T1–2 or Kadish A–B) malignancies.[32] A second meta-analysis for esthesioneuroblastomas including 379 subjects did not demonstrate inferiority of purely endoscopic resection; however, the authors acknowledge significant sources of error from publication bias, limited follow-up duration, and more advanced tumor stage in the open craniofacial resection group.[33] In a multicenter study incorporating 23 patients, complete resection was achieved in this carefully selected cohort in 17 of 23 patients.[34] CSF leaks occurred in 4 of 23 patients. All patients were disease free at a mean follow-up of 45.2 months. In summary, it remains to be determined whether true en bloc resection of esthesioneuroblastomas is superior to endoscopic intralesional resection, albeit with negative margins.

Purely endonasal resection of anterior skull base malignancies has been generally reserved for patients with relatively earlier disease stage and no or limited skull base invasion.[35] Significant invasion of the fovea ethmoidalis or the cribriform plate, significant dural involvement or transdural spread,[35] involvement of the soft tissues of the face,[36] lateral extension over the orbital roof, extensive frontal sinus involvement, and invasion through the lamina papyracea into the intraorbital space all increase the level of difficulty of achieving a gross total resection via an endoscopic approach.[37] In our case, endoscopic visualization of the inferior cuts facilitated a true en bloc resection of the esthesioneuroblastoma, without the use of facial incisions or intralesional debulking.

It is generally accepted that complete resection followed by adjuvant radiation therapy reduces the rate of local recurrence in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma[38] and improves disease-free survival.[39] [40] Chemotherapy remains a matter of debate in upfront treatment, with typical indications being high-grade, recurrent, metastatic, or unresectable tumors.[41] In some centers, neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been used with success prior to standard craniofacial resection [42] [43]

Conclusion

In this patient, complete resection of an esthesioneuroblastoma was achieved using a combined open craniofacial and endoscopic approach, followed by a complete endoscopic resection of a GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma, resulting in endocrinologic cure. The relative indications and advantages of the expanded endonasal approach for anterior skull base malignancies are illustrated.

Note

Salvatore Di Maio had full access to all the data in the study and final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

• References

• 1 Broich G, Pagliari A, Ottaviani F. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a general review of the cases published since the discovery of the tumour in 1924. Anticancer Res 1997; 17 (4A): 2683-2706
• 2 Barnes L. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. Vol 9. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005
• 3 Dulguerov P, Calcaterra T. Esthesioneuroblastoma: the UCLA experience 1970-1990. Laryngoscope 1992; 102 (8) 843-849
• 4 Kadish S, Goodman M, Wang CC. Olfactory neuroblastoma. A clinical analysis of 17 cases. Cancer 1976; 37 (3) 1571-1576
• 5 Hyams V, Batsakis J, Michaels L. Olfactory neuroblastoma. In: Hyams VJ, Batsakis JG, Michaels L, , eds. Tumors of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Ear. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1988: 240-248
• 6 Giustina A, Chanson P, Bronstein MD , et al; Acromegaly Consensus Group. A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95 (7) 3141-3148
• 7 Park K-J, Kang S-H, Lee H-G, Chung Y-G. Olfactory neuroblastoma following treatment for pituitary adenoma. J Neurooncol 2008; 90 (2) 237-241
• 8 Delank KW, Ballantyne AJ. Tumors of the nasal cavity occurring after hypophysectomy. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1993; 36 (6) 203-206
• 9 Mariani L, Schaller B, Weis J, Ozdoba C, Seiler RW. Esthesioneuroblastoma of the pituitary gland: a clinicopathological entity? Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2004; 101 (6) 1049-1052
• 10 Roy A, Timothy J, Anthony R, Chakrabarty A. Correspondence: aesthesioneuroblastoma arising in pituitary gland. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2000; 26 (2) 177-179
• 11 Dupuy M, Bonneville F, Grunenwald S , et al. Primary sellar neuroblastoma. A new case and review of literature. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2012; 73 (3) 216-221
• 12 Sajko T, Rumboldt Z, Talan-Hranilovic J, Radic I, Gnjidic Z. Primary sellar esthesioneuroblastoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005; 147 (4) 447-448 ; discussion 448
• 13 Sarwar M. Primary sellar-parasellar esthesioneuroblastoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1979; 133 (1) 140-141
• 14 Schmalisch K, Psaras T, Beschorner R, Honegger J. Sellar neuroblastoma mimicking a pituitary tumour: case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111 (9) 774-778
• 15 Lach B, Rippstein P, Benott BG, Staines W. Differentiating neuroblastoma of pituitary gland: neuroblastic transformation of epithelial adenoma cells. Case report. J Neurosurg 1996; 85 (5) 953-960
• 16 Oyama K, Yamada S, Usui M, Kovacs K. Sellar neuroblastoma mimicking pituitary adenoma. Pituitary 2005; 8 (2) 109-114
• 17 Lin JH, Tsai DH, Chiang YH. A primary sellar esthesioneuroblastomas with unusual presentations: a case report and reviews of literatures. Pituitary 2009; 12 (1) 70-75
• 18 Cohen ZR, Marmor E, Fuller GN, DeMonte F. Misdiagnosis of olfactory neuroblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2002; 12 (5) e3
• 19 Perez Garcia V, Martinez Izquierdo MdeL. Radiation-induced olfactory neuroblastoma: a new etiology is possible. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 15 (2) 71-77
• 20 McVey GP, Power DG, Aherne NJ, Gibbons D, Carney DN. Post irradiation olfactory neuroblastoma (esthesioneuroblastoma): a case report and up to date review. Acta Oncol 2009; 48 (6) 937-940
• 21 Kounami S, Douno S, Matsubara H, Takayama J, Ohira M. Olfactory neuroblastoma as a second malignant neoplasm in a patient previously treated for childhood acute leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2001; 18 (7) 459-463
• 22 Oliveras A, Puig JM, Lloveras J. Esthesioneuroblastoma developing in a kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Int 1997; 10 (1) 85-86
• 23 Koo BK, An JH, Jeon KH , et al. Two cases of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome with olfactory neuroblastoma and literature review. Endocr J 2008; 55 (3) 469-475
• 24 Jenkins PJ. Cancers associated with acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 83 (3–4) 218-223
• 25 Dutta P, Bhansali A, Vaiphei K , et al. Colonic neoplasia in acromegaly: increased proliferation or deceased apoptosis?. Pituitary 2012; 15 (2) 166-173
• 26 Jenkins PJ, Frajese V, Jones AM , et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and the development of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (9) 3218-3221
• 27 Vasen HF, van Erpecum KJ, Roelfsema F , et al. Increased prevalence of colonic adenomas in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 131 (3) 235-237
• 28 Colao A, Balzano A, Ferone D , et al. Increased prevalence of colonic polyps and altered lymphocyte subset pattern in the colonic lamina propria in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 47 (1) 23-28
• 29 Renehan AG, Bhaskar P, Painter JE , et al. The prevalence and characteristics of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (9) 3417-3424
• 30 Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 2004; 363 (9418) 1346-1353
• 31 Maison P, Balkau B, Simon D, Chanson P, Rosselin G, Eschwège E. Growth hormone as a risk for premature mortality in healthy subjects: data from the Paris prospective study. BMJ 1998; 316 (7138) 1132-1133
• 32 Higgins TS, Thorp B, Rawlings BA, Han JK. Outcome results of endoscopic vs craniofacial resection of sinonasal malignancies: a systematic review and pooled-data analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2011; 1 (4) 255-261
• 33 Soler ZM, Smith TL. Endoscopic versus open craniofacial resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: what is the evidence?. Laryngoscope 2012; 122 (2) 244-245
• 34 Folbe A, Herzallah I, Duvvuri U , et al. Endoscopic endonasal resection of esthesioneuroblastoma: a multicenter study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009; 23 (1) 91-94
• 35 Hanna E, DeMonte F, Ibrahim S, Roberts D, Levine N, Kupferman M. Endoscopic resection of sinonasal cancers with and without craniotomy: oncologic results. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009; 135 (12) 1219-1224
• 36 Zafereo ME, Fakhri S, Prayson R , et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: 25-year experience at a single institution. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008; 138 (4) 452-458
• 37 Villaret AB, Yakirevitch A, Bizzoni A , et al. Endoscopic transnasal craniectomy in the management of selected sinonasal malignancies. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2010; 24 (1) 60-65
• 38 Dias FL, Sa GM, Lima RA , et al. Patterns of failure and outcome in esthesioneuroblastoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003; 129 (11) 1186-1192
• 39 Ozsahin M, Gruber G, Olszyk O , et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in olfactory neuroblastoma: a rare cancer network study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78 (4) 992-997
• 40 Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review. Lancet Oncol 2001; 2 (11) 683-690
• 41 Bak M, Wein RO. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a contemporary review of diagnosis and management. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2012; 26 (6) 1185-1207
• 42 Ward PD, Heth JA, Thompson BG, Marentette LJ. Esthesioneuroblastoma: results and outcomes of a single institution's experience. Skull Base 2009; 19 (2) 133-140
• 43 Loy AH, Reibel JF, Read PW , et al. Esthesioneuroblastoma: continued follow-up of a single institution's experience. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 132 (2) 134-138