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Semin Plast Surg 2013; 27(01): 036-041
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1343995
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Congenital Anomalies of the Breast

Louise Caouette-Laberge
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
,
Daniel Borsuk
1   Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
23 May 2013 (online)

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Abstract

Poland syndrome is a combination of chest wall deformity and absent or hypoplastic pectoralis muscle and breast associated with shortening and brachysyndactyly of the upper limb. Clinical presentation varies widely; therefore, reconstructive procedures have to be adapted to the deformity, ranging from chest wall stabilization or augmentation, dynamic muscle transfer, nipple and areola repositioning, and breast augmentation using prosthesis or autologous tissue transfer. Other congenital breast anomalies include supernumerary nipple and areola (polythelia) and breast (polymastia), which can generally be found on the embryonic mammary ridge. Absence of the nipple, areola (athelia), or the breast tissue (amastia) is less frequent.

Keywords

Poland syndrome - breast - pectoralis muscle - polythelia - polymastia athelia - amastia
 

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