Migration of a covered metallic stent following endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy: fatal complication

Inhaltsübersicht

Endoscopic retrograde access to the biliary tree is not always possible and endoscopic ultrasound (EUA)-guided biliary drainage is increasingly used. EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy has been proved to be feasible, although safety issues still need to be evaluated. There are few reports [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] with 90 % – 100 % technical and 75 % – 100 % clinical success rates. Major complications included stent migration, bile leaks, and cholangitis [4] [5].

An 81-year-old man with obstructive jaundice secondary to gallbladder adenocarcinoma and duodenal stricture was referred for endoscopic drainage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an infiltrative mass and biliary stenosis with dilated intrahepatic ducts ([Fig. 1]).

Fig. 1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing a complex hilar stricture with dilated intrahepatic biliary tree.

The duodenal stricture was dilated with a balloon. Following failure of several attempts at transpapillary deep cannulation of the bile duct, a decision was taken to carry out transgastric EUS-guided drainage. A linear EUS scope positioned in the gastric lesser curvature disclosed a dilated intrahepatic biliary system ([Fig. 2 a]), and a 19-gauge needle was inserted inside a left intrahepatic branch ([Fig. 2 b]).

Fig. 2 a Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) showing dilated left intrahepatic ducts. b Puncture of a left intrahepatic biliary branch under EUS guidance (arrow).

After stylet removal, a cholangiogram was obtained ([Fig. 3]) and a 0.035-inch guide wire was introduced through the needle ([Video 1]).

Fig. 3 Cholangiogram obtained after contrast injection through the endoscopic ultrasound needle, revealing dilated intrahepatic bile ducts and hilar stenosis.

Video 1 Endoscopic ultrasound showing the dilated intrahepatic biliary system and puncture with a 19-gauge needle. Cholangiogram at fluoroscopy and a 0.035-inch guide wire positioned into an intrahepatic biliary branch after failed attempt to pass it through the stricture. Finally, deployment of a partially coated self-expanding metallic stent.

The guide wire was then positioned into an intrahepatic biliary branch. The transmural tract was enlarged by using a needle-knife. A partially covered self-expandable metal stent (SEMS), 10 × 60 mm in size (Wallstent, Boston Scientific International, La Garenne Colombes, France), was inserted ([Fig. 4]).

Fig. 4 a Fluoroscopic view of the covered self-expanding metallic stent after complete deployment. b Endoscopic view of the proximal end of the metallic stent through the gastric wall immediately after deployment.

At the end of the procedure, an enteral SEMS, 30 × 90 mm in size (Wallflex, Boston Scientific), was placed across the duodenal stenosis ([Fig. 5] and [Video 1]).

Fig. 5 a Fluoroscopic view of the enteral stent fully deployed across the duodenal stricture. b Endoscopic view of the proximal end of the stent.

The procedure was technically successful and the patient was discharged. After 5 days, the patient presented again with abdominal pain and fever. CT scan revealed stent migration with its proximal end located within a large biloma ([Fig. 6]).

Fig. 6 CT scan showing migration of the stent’s proximal end into the abdominal cavity.

Unfortunately, the patient’s clinical status deteriorated because of sepsis and he died.

EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy is a promising alternative in patients with failed drainage at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Further research is needed to address the associated safety issues, including the optimal stent to be used.

Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CPL_1AL_2AD

References

• 1 Burmester E, Niehaus J, Leineweber T. et al . EUS-cholangio-drainage of the bile duct: report of 4 cases.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;  57 246-251
• 2 Giovannini M, Dotti M, Bories E. et al . Hepaticogastrostomy by echoendoscopy as a palliative treatment in a patient with metastatic biliary obstruction.  Endoscopy. 2003;  35 1076-1078
• 3 Artifon E L, Chaves D M, Ishioka S. et al . Echoguided hepatico-gastrostomy: a case report.  Clinics. 2007;  62 799-802
• 4 Will U, Thieme A, Fueldner F. et al . Treatment of biliary obstruction in selected patients by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided transluminal biliary drainage.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 292-295
• 5 Bories E, Pesenti C, Caillol F. et al . Transgastric endoscopic ultrasonography-guided biliary drainage: results of a pilot study.  Endoscopy. 2007;  39 287-291