Benefit, tolerance, and safety of hybrid argon plasma coagulation for treatment of Barrett's esophagus: US pilot study

Abstract

Background and study aims A novel technique for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) ablation, termed hybrid APC, has recently been developed. The aims of this US pilot study were to evaluate the efficacy, tolerance and safety of hybrid APC for the treatment of BE.

Patients and methods Patients with biopsy-proven BE referred to our tertiary care center over a 12-month period for mucosal ablation were eligible for this study. Efficacy of ablation was measured on follow-up endoscopy by demonstrating either a reduction of visible BE or biopsies proving complete resolution of intestinal metaplasia (CRIM). To evaluate tolerance and safety, patients were called on post-procedure days 1 and 7.

Results Twenty-two patients with BE (4.5 % intramucosal carcinoma, 31.8 % high-grade dysplasia, 18.1 % low-grade dysplasia, 36.3 % non-dysplastic, 9.1 % indefinite for dysplasia) underwent 40 treatments with hybrid APC. All patients had endoscopic improvement of BE disease and 19 of 22 patients (86.4 %) achieved CRIM. With regard to tolerance, average pain scores (0 to 10 scale) on follow-up were 2.65 and 0.62 on days 1 and 7, respectively. With regards to safety, there were two treatment-related strictures (9.1 %) that required a single balloon dilation.

Conclusions Hybrid APC appears to be promising in the treatment of BE. The ablation protocol used in this study demonstrated efficacy, tolerability, and a safety profile similar to radiofrequency ablation. Given the significant price difference between hybrid APC and other modalities for Barrett’s ablation, this modality may be more cost-effective. These results warrant further study in a large prospective multicenter trial.

Introduction

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased in the United States over the past decade [1]. Once diagnosed, esophageal adenocarcinoma has a poor prognosis with a less than a 25 % 5-year survival after a diagnosis of locally advanced disease. There remains a greater need to identify and screen for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) in order to treat this precursor, and prevent its progression to adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic therapy for BE has been shown to be safe and effective. Currently, treatment mainly relies on a two-step approach that consists of endoscopically resecting any nodular lesions or visible flat neoplasia then thermally ablating non-neoplastic BE segments. The latter phase of treatment aims at reducing the rates of recurrent neoplastic BE and achieving complete remission of intestinal metaplasia (CRIM). The most widely used tool for BE ablation is radiofrequency ablation (RFA) [2].

RFA uses a balloon-based or focal device that uses energy to ablate tissue to a consistent depth so as to minimize submucosal injury and the risk of stricture formation or bleeding. A multicenter, sham-controlled trial demonstrated that RFA contributes to the eradication of BE in 77.4 % of patients [1]. Despite this, the rate of stricture formation post-RFA remains in the 5 % to 10 % range and the recurrence rate reached 29.1 % in a nationwide US study [1] [3] [4] [5] [6].

Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is an alternative procedure that has been used for the treatment of BE. This modality is a contact-free, operator-dependent endoscopic ablation technique that utilizes a jet of ionized Argon gas to generate thermal energy for the ablation of metaplastic tissue. APC has been commonly used to treat small segments and islands of BE [7]. Given the variable depth of injury associated with APC application and the increased risk of strictures or perforation, it has not been used as a mainstream technique for the treatment of large segments of BE. A novel hybrid ablation method based on the combination of APC and submucosal saline injection (hybrid APC) has been recently developed to overcome some of the disadvantages of standard APC ablation [8]. Prior to ablation, the mucosa is raised with the aid of a needle-less high-pressure water jet. In theory, the submucosal cushion enables Barrett’s mucosa to be ablated to a sufficient depth with high energy input without causing damage to the deep submucosa and muscularis layer. A study conducted by Norton and colleagues showed that hybrid APC leads to a lower depth of tissue damage, which potentially could lead to lower rates of strictures compared to standard APC procedures [9]. However, the current literature on this technique is limited and furthermore, there currently is not a standardized protocol for hybrid APC of BE [10]. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of hybrid APC for BE ablation.

Patients and methods

Patients

Patients aged 18 to 80 years with biopsy-proven BE were included in this study. Both treatment-naïve patient as well as patients who had received other types of treatment of BE, such as endoscopic resection, RFA, and cryotherapy, were included. Exclusion criteria included patients with coagulation disturbances, active nodular lesions, esophageal cancer history, strictures, poor healing after previous endoscopic treatment, as well as patients who had undergone esophageal surgery or endoscopic plication or suturing procedures ([Table 1]). All the procedures were performed at the Comprehensive Digestive Disease Center, University of California, Irvine by two interventional endoscopists, K.C. and J.S. The study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at the University of California, Irvine.

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the present study.

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Written informed consent to be part of the study and undergo repeated diagnostic and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for Barrett’s esophagus	Age < 18
Naïve or previously treated residual non-neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus of at least 1 cm extent	Pregnancy
	Coagulation disturbances
	Esophageal cancer history
	Active nodular or neoplastic lesion
	History of strictures
	Poor healing after prior endoscopic treatment
	Prior transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) or antireflux procedure using endoscopic suturing

Technique

Endoscopic evaluation

A diagnostic gastroscope (GIF-HQ190; Olympus) was used for all procedures. An electrosurgical unit with an APC2-unit (VIO 300 D) with ERBEJET2 system (Erbe Elektromedizin, Tuebingen, Germany) were used for hybrid APC procedures. A baseline endoscopy was first performed to identify areas of residual BE. The length of each BE segment was then measured, and BE segments were classified using the Prague C&M criteria [11]. Targeted biopsies were carried out for any lesion that was suspicious for high grade dysplasia or cancer based on virtual chromoendoscopy or confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Hybrid APC ablation

The hybrid APC procedure was performed as follows: Thermal marking of the outer limits of the target area was performed using low-wattage APC (Soft Coagulation 30 W at a flow rate of 0.8 to 1.0 L/min). Next, injection of 0.9 % methylene blue tinted saline solution was performed using the needleless high-pressure water jet system (ERBEJET 2, Effect 40–50, Erbe Elektromedizin, Tuebingen, Germany) ([Fig. 1]). The amount of fluid used varied so as to create a visible cushion underneath the mucosa.

Fig. 1 Cross-section of the needleless water-jet flexible probe used for submucosal injection prior to APC.

The mucosa was ablated using contact free thermal argon-based thermal energy with the hybrid APC probe (Pulsed APC, Effect 2, 60 Watt). The treatment was carried out in either longitudinal strips or circumferentially until a visible coagulation effect was seen ([Fig. 2]). The ablation zone coagulum was mechanically scraped off with a transparent cap on the tip of the endoscope ([Fig. 3]). A second pass of ablation was applied over the Barrett’s mucosa but at a lower power than that used during the first pass (pulsed APC, effect 2, 40 W).

Fig. 2 Endoscopic view of Barrett’s esophagus after application of hybrid APC.

Fig. 3 Endoscopic view of Barrett’s esophagus after scraping mucosal layer.

The procedure was performed under general anesthesia. Patients were discharged on the same day of the procedure. A high-dose proton pump inhibitor, 40 mg BID, and sucralfate 1 g QID were prescribed after the procedures to all patients.

Follow-up

During the first week post-procedure, patients were followed up on days 1 and 7 to check for any reported adverse events (AEs) such as bleeding, pain, odynophagia, fever, or dysphagia. Patients were also asked to score their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. They were also asked about taking opiate analgesics for pain control if needed. At least 3 months after completion of Barrett’s ablation, endoscopy was carried out for evaluation. During the follow-up procedure, the esophagus was examined for any visible residual BE or any treatment-related changes. If residual BE was observed during this examination, additional hybrid APC was performed. If no visible BE was noted, biopsies at the z line and biopsies in at least one level in the area of the former BE were then taken for histopathologic assessment. Histological processing was carried out by pathologists highly experienced in the diagnosis of Barrett’s neoplasia.

Statistical analysis

The main endpoints of this pilot study were evaluation of the safety and efficacy of hybrid APC in ablating BE. Efficacy was defined as the proportion of patients achieving CRIM after hybrid APC. Evidence for CRIM was determined based on histologic evaluation. The efficacy of hybrid APC was also evaluated in terms of the average number of sessions needed to achieve CRIM. Safety was evaluated by determining the proportion of patients who developed complications observed during the treatment or on follow up evaluation such as stricture, perforation, and bleeding.

A complete descriptive analysis of the data was performed. The results are reported in relative frequencies. Various means, ranges, as well as standard deviations were measured and reported. The change in the values of C and M of the Prague classification pre- and post- procedure were evaluated on the basis of a two-sided test with a significance level of 0.05.

Results

A total of 22 patients with biopsy-proven BE underwent a total of 40 treatment sessions with hybrid APC. The average age was 67.8 years and 81.8 % of the patients were male. The pretreatment values of C and M of the Prague classification ranged from C0M1 to C6M8. The subjects were classified according to their baseline histopathologic biopsy results: 4.5 % intramucosal carcinoma, 31.8 % high-grade dysplasia, 18.1 % low-grade dysplasia, 9.1 % indefinite for dysplasia, and 36.4 % non-dysplastic. The patients were further classified according to whether they had undergone any prior treatment for BE. Half of the patients had undergone prior RFA, 22.7 % prior EMR, 9.1 % prior ESD, 13.6 % prior cryotherapy, and 36.4 % were treatment naïve ([Table 2]).

Table 2 Overview of study patients and baseline characteristics prior to first hybrid APC session.

Characteristics
Gender distribution	Female = 18.1 % (4/22)
	Male = 81.8 % (18/22)
Age	Mean = 67.8 years old
Extent of BE prior to hybrid APC (Prague classification)	C0.73 M1.99
Type of treatment prior to hybrid APC	Prior RFA = 50 % (11/22)
	Prior EMR = 22.7 % (5/22)
	Prior ESD = 9 % (2/22)
	Prior cryotherapy = 13.6 % (3/22)
	No prior treatment = 36 % (8/22)
Baseline BE pathology	Non-dysplastic = 36.3 % (8/22)
	Indeterminate = 9.1 % (2/22)
	Low-grade dysplasia = 36.3 % (8/22)
	High-grade dysplasia = 18.1 % (4/22)
	Intramucosal cancer = 4.5 % (1/22)

APC, argon plasma coagulation; BE, Barrett’s esophagus; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.

The average procedure treatment times were 23.9 and 14.83 minutes at the index and first follow-up procedures, respectively. With regard to efficacy, 19 of 22 patients (86.4 %) achieved CRIM according to histopathology. Twelve patients achieved histopathologic CRIM after one hybrid APC procedure, two patients after two procedures, one patient after three procedures, and four patients after four treatment procedures ([Table 3]). In the group that achieved CRIM, an average of 1.2 treatment sessions was needed. The average follow-up time for all subjects was 134.7 days. At the first follow-up endoscopy, all patients had endoscopically evident improvement of BE disease with regard to the average length of BE pre- and post-procedure. The respective C and M values of the Prague criteria endoscopy were C0.95 and M2.84 at index endoscopy and C0.23 and M0.66 during the first follow-up. There was a 77.9 % reduction in circumference (C) of BE (P = 0.001) and an 80.2 % reduction in maximal extent (M) of BE (P = 0.0003). Three patients did not achieve CRIM ( [Table 4]).

Table 3 Results in all patients.

Initials	Age	Sex	Initial Dx	Prague C before Tx	Prague M before Tx	Prior procedures	# of sessions to achieve CRIM	Complications
Treatment naive
WB	66	M	LGD	0.5	4.5	Naïve	1	Stricture
FD	74	M	ND	1	3	Naïve	2	None
DT	67	F	ND	6	8	Naïve	4	None
NH	68	F	LGD	0	1	Naïve	4	None
NC	65	M	ND	0	1	Naïve	1	None
RC	69	M	ND	0	1	Naïve	1	None
VH	65	F	ND	4	6	Naïve	2	None
SH	60	M	ND	1	2	Naïve	1	None
Previously treated
ES	68	M	IND	1	1	RFAx1	3	None
DN	82	M	ND	1	1	RFAx4 Cryotherapy x1	N/A	None
NT	80	M	LGD	1	2	RFAx1	N/A	None
DF	69	M	IND	1	2	RFAx3	1	None
MS	69	M	ND	0	1	RFAx2	1	None
DK	49	M	HGD	0	3	RFAx1	1	None
AE	77	M	HGD	4	4	RFAx3 EMRx3	N/A	None
SJ	68	M	HGD	0	1	RFAx2 Cryotherapy x1	1	None
LR	60	M	HGD	0	1	RFAx3 EMRx1	1	None
VM	64	M	HGD	0	1	EMRx1	1	None
BN	57	M	Adeno	0.5	7	ESDx1 Cryotherapy x1	1	Stricture[1]
LM	73	F	LGD	0	7	RFAx3 EMRx1	4	None
ML	71	M	HGD	0	4	RFAx1	4	None
KR	72	M	HGD	0	1	EMRx1 ESDx1	1	None
Mean	67.8	F: 18.18 %	–	0.95	2.93

CRIM, complete resolution of intestinal metaplasia; LGD, low-grade dysplasia; ND, non-dysplasia; IND, indefinite for dysplasia; Adeno, adenocarcinoma; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.

¹ Cryotherapy may have contributed to stricture formation

Table 4 Results in patients without CRIM.

Patient #	Age	Sex	Initial Dx	Prague C before Tx	Prague M before Tx	Prior procedures	# of sessions to achieve CRIM	Complications
1	82	M	ND	1	1	RFAx4 Cryotherapy x1	None	Decided to not pursue further treatment
2	80	M	LGD	1	2	RFAx1	None	Decided to not pursue further treatment
3	77	M	HGD	4	4	RFAx3 EMRx3	None	Decided to not pursue further treatment
Mean	79.7	M: 100 %	–	2.0	2.3

CRIM, complete resolution of intestinal metaplasia; ND, non-dysplasia; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; LGD, low-grade dysplasia; HGD, high-grade dysplasia; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection.

With regard to safety, there were two treatment-related strictures that required a single session of balloon dilation; thus, the stricture rate associated with hybrid APC in this study was 9.1 % (2/22) ([Table 3]). There were no reported bleeding or perforation events. With regard to tolerance, the average pain scores on days 1 and 7 post-procedure were 2.65 and 0.62, respectively, in 10. Five of 22 patients (22.7 %) reported taking analgesics for pain control.

Discussion

The ideal tool for BE eradication still remains to be established. Thermal ablation of BE with RFA after endoscopic resection of visible nodular neoplasia has been the mainstay of contemporary BE therapy. In patients with dysplastic BE, RFA is associated with a moderate to high rate of complete eradication of both dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia and a reduced risk of disease progression [1]. Although this procedure is safe, the incidence of the stricture formation post-RFA has been reported as up to 5 % to 10 % [2]. Furthermore, the recurrence rate of BE in patients treated with RFA has been reported to be 10.8 % per year after achieving CRIM [6]. Although RFA has revolutionized the management of BE in the past decade, it still may not be the ideal tool for this disease in the future.

In this US pilot study, hybrid APC was able to achieve CRIM in 81.8 % of patients and this rate is comparable to other modalities currently available for BE eradication. Standard APC without prior submucosal injection has been reported to achieve a complete BE ablation rate of 77 % in a single multicenter German study [12]. The major complication rate is this study, however, was 9.8 % including bleeding, stricture and a perforation. In a single center German study by Manner et al. evaluating hybrid APC for BE, the rate of CRIM was found to be 78 %. In a meta-analysis that reported the efficacy of RFA in a total of 18 studies and 3802 patients, complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia was observed in 78 % of patients [4]. According to a UK Registry on RFA, the rate was lower with a rate of 62 % at 12-month follow-up [4]. Therefore, hybrid APC may lead to at least similar efficacy results to those achieved using RFA.

In this study, hybrid APC had a favorable safety profile. Stricture formation was observed in two patients with a rate of 9.1 % and no other significant complications were noted. One of the patients with stricture had previously undergone a cryotherapy procedure and the lumen was notably narrowed at the time of initial hybrid APC. In each of the patients, the strictures were managed effectively with a single balloon dilation session. This stricture rate is similar to previous APC-only studies with reported stricture rates of 4 % to 9 % [13] [14]. This rate also compares well with the rate of stricture formation post-RFA, which has been consistently reported in the 5 % to 10 % range [2].

The study by Manner et al. demonstrated a stricture rate of only 2 % post-hybrid APC treatment [9]. The authors reported that in their protocol the scraping of coagulum remnants after first ablation was not carried out for the first patients enrolled and this could account for their decreased rate of stricture formation. Also, of note with this study was the exclusion of 10 patients that had enrolled for a number of different reasons including poor mucosal healing after hybrid APC treatment. As a result, the stricture rate in their study may be lower than expected.

There were no major AEs in our study, aside from the two patients with strictures. No perforations or significant bleeding occurred during or after the procedures. This is in contrast to a multicenter trial on APC for non-dysplastic BE in which major complications were observed in 10 % of patients; two bleeding complications, two esophageal strictures, and one perforation. One possible explanation for this improved safety profile may have been the submucosal injection prior to ablation. With hybrid APC technique, the mucosa is raised with the aid of a needle-less high-pressure water jet. In theory, the submucosal cushion enables Barrett’s mucosa to be ablated with high energy without causing damage to the larger deep submucosal arteries and muscularis layer.

In regard to patient tolerability, the hybrid APC procedures were tolerated well. The average chest pain scores reported on days 1 and 7 after the first session were 2.65 and 0.62 of 10, respectively. These values appear to be similar to pain scores with RFA. In a multicenter study conducted on dysplastic patients undergoing RFA, pain scores often were 2.3 and 0 on days 1 and 8 post-procedure, respectively [1]. As expected, in our study, the chest pain scores appeared to correlate with the amount of ablation performed during the session.

Hybrid APC is potentially more cost-effective than RFA. The results of our study and the hybrid APC study by Manner and collegues demonstrate comparable efficacy and safety of hybrid APC to RFA, while the cost per case to perform hybrid APC is less than the cost of RFA [9]. The device cost for one ERBE hybrid APC probe (Part #20150–215) is $489.00 and the cost for the Erbejet pump cartridge (Part #20150–300) required for use is $110.70, which leads to a sum of $599.70 for disposable equipment. In comparison, RFA catheters range from $1,000 to $2,100 for the disposable equipment needed per case. The capital cost for the BARRX generator is $130,000. The capital cost for the ERBE VIO electrosurgical unit with the APC2 and ERBE JET component (needed for hybrid APC) is $83,000 If an institution already has the ERBE VIO with APC, the additional cost for the ERBE JET is $46,000. As a result, hybrid APC may be a more cost effective over the current standard RFA.

The present study has several limitations. This was a single-center study of a small group of patients with procedures performed by expert interventional endoscopists. Results therefore may not be generalizable to community physicians with less training. Another limitation was that patients did not have long-term follow-up so we were unable to determine recurrence rates for BE with hybrid APC. A further limitation was that only 36 % of patients in our sample were treatment naïve. The fact that patients had been treated before with prior modalities may lead to an advantage with reaching CRIM. However, of note, five patients enrolled in this study were actually patients that had not responded well to other modalities; therefore, this subset may have actually been a more difficult subset to treat.

There were eight patients with non-dysplastic BE in our study. Three of the patients had long-segment disease and the long-term risk of disease progression was felt to be higher than the risk of treatment. The authors acknowledge that the treatment of non-dysplastic Barrett’s is controversial, and guidelines suggest case-by-case assessment is warranted. In most cases, patients were very concerned about their risk of disease progression and wanted to move forward with Barrett’s eradication. They were given the options of surveillance or treatment with hybrid APC as part of an experimental protocol, understanding that insurance would not approve RFA in many of these cases.

Conclusions

In conclusion, hybrid APC appears to be promising for treatment of BE. The ablation protocol used in this study demonstrated efficacy, tolerability, and a safety profile similar to RFA. Given the significant price difference between hybrid APC and other modalities for BE ablation, this modality may be more cost effective. These results warrant further study in a large prospective multicenter trial.

Competing interests

Dr. Chang is a consultant for ERBE.

• References

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Publication History

Received: 25 November 2019

Accepted: 29 May 2020

Article published online:
14 December 2021