CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · SynOpen 2021; 05(02): 114-122
DOI: 10.1055/a-1489-8711
letter

Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction and Arylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones under Iodide/Peroxide Conditions

Yujuan Wu
a   Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. of China
,
Xianglong Chu
a   Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. of China
,
Di Yang
a   Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. of China
,
Chen Ma
a   Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. of China
,
Caixia Xie
b   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. of China
› Institutsangaben
Financial support from the National Science Foundation of China (21572117) and the Shandong Key Research Program (Nos. 2019JZZY021015 and 2019GHY112053) is gratefully acknowledged.
 


Abstract

A simple method has been developed for the synthesis of ­3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one and ­3-aryl-quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives through C–H activation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones by peroxides and iodide. In this protocol, the per­oxide (TBPB) serves as both the radical initiator and aryl source, realizing arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one in a one-step reaction. The methodology has the advantages of being a metal-free strategy and having broad functional group tolerance.


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Quinoxalin-2(1H)-one scaffolds exist in many natural products. Due to the significant biological activities and pharmaceutical properties of this structure, such as anti­tumor,[1] ALR2 inhibition,[2] antibiotic,[3] analgesic,[4] antimicrobial,[5] and aldose reductase inhibition activities (Figure [1]),[6] a range of 3-functionalized quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones has been synthesized, with approaches including arylation,[7] alkylation,[8] etherification,[9] amidation,[10] amination,[11] cyanation,[12] phosphonation,[13] and trifluoromethylation (Scheme [1]).[14]

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Figure 1 Pharmaceutically active quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives
Zoom Image
Scheme 1 Synthesis of 3-functionalized quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Activation of C–H bonds has recently emerged as a powerful method for the construction of C–C bonds.[15] [16] Furthermore, radical addition is a powerful method to form ­C–C bonds,[17] with the iodide/TBHP system being considered as a dominant protocol in the radical field to achieve C–H bond activation and construction of heterocyclic rings.[18] [19]

Typical approaches for synthesizing 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones involve reaction of aroyl- and hetaroylpyruvic acid or ester derivatives with N-phenyl-o-phenylenediamine (Scheme [2]).[20] [21]

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Scheme 2 Synthesis of 3-acetylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives

As for the synthesis of diverse 3-aryl-quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, there were two main approaches. One strategy to construct the heterocyclic ring involves two-step acylation of benzene-1,2-diamines with arylglyoxylic acids, followed by subsequent cyclization (Scheme [3], method 1).[7a] Other methods involve direct functionalization. Paul reported the novel Pd(TFA)2-catalyzed direct dehydrogenative cross-coupling of quinoxalin-2-ones with arenes for the construction of diverse 3-aryl quinoxalin-2-ones (Scheme [3], method 2).[7b] Ramesh reported an oxidative cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with quinoxalin-2-ones using the readily available oxidant Mn(III) acetate dihydrate (Scheme [3], method 3).[7c] Yin’ s group used diaryliodonium tetrafluoroborates at room temperature, with arylhydrazines as the arylating agent (Scheme [3], method 4).[7d] Lee and co-workers reported iodosobenzene-promoted direct arylation with arylhydrazines as radical precursors (Scheme [3], method 5).[7e] However, drawbacks such as the requirement for prefunctionalized substrates, multistep protocols, low atom economy, use of transition-metal catalysts and strong base in these protocols have limited their general application and development. Metal-free systems have replaced tradition metal systems, and iodide or hypervalent iodine possess advantages such as ease of handling, strong electrophilicity, commercial availability, and low toxicity.[22]

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Scheme 3 Synthetic approaches to 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones

The I2/TBHP system is a central reagent combination in the radical field.[23] [24] It has been shown that tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) is an efficient and highly chemoselective benzoylating reagent.[25,26] In this area, we first disclosed that TBPB could translate into aryl radicals, triggering subsequent reactions, providing a novel method for the introduction of an aryl group.

Herein, we disclose a simple method to synthesize 3-functionalized quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. In the first part, we present a n-Bu4NI-catalyzed radical oxidative coupling of acetophenone and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using TBHP as oxidant to access 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. In the second part, the direct arylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones is disclosed. Therein, TBPB is used both as reagent to generate aryl radical and as free radical initiator, while I2 is used as catalyst (Scheme [4]).

Zoom Image
Scheme 4 Studies reported herein

Initially, we chose 1-methylquinoxalin-2-(1H)-one (1a) and acetophenone (2a) as model substrates. The reaction was carried out using 20 mol% of TBAI, 5 equivalents of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP, 70% solution in water) in DCE at 100 °C. Under these conditions, the desired product 3a was obtained in 32% yield (Table [1], entry 4).

Table 1 Optimization of the Reaction Conditionsa

Entry

[I]/mmol%

[O]/equiv.

Solvent

Temp (°C)

Yield (%)b

1

I2/20

TBHP/5

DCE

100

12

2

CuI/20

TBHP/5

DCE

100

24

3

NIS/20

TBHP/5

DCE

100

NR

4

TBAI/20

TBHP/5

DCE

100

32

5

TBAI+I2/20+10

TBHP/5

DCE

100

23

6

TBAI/10

TBHP/5

DCE

100

8

7

TBAI/100

TBHP/5

DCE

100

12

8

TBAI/20

BPO/5

DCE

100

25

9

TBAI/20

K2S2O8/5

DCE

100

NR

10

TBAI/20

DDQ/5

DCE

100

NR

11

TBAI/20

TBPB/5

DCE

100

30

12c

TBAI/20

TBHP/5

DCE

100

79

13c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

DCE

100

86

14c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

dioxane

100

16

15c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

DMSO

100

trace

16c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

H2O

100

58

17c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

DCE

90

70

18c

TBAI/20

TBHP/3

DCE

110

67

a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), 2a (2.0 equiv.), solvent (2 mL), sealed tube, 48 h.

b Isolated yields.

c 1a (0.3 mmol), 2a (4.0 equiv.).

Next, we studied a series of iodides and found that using TBAI as catalyst gave higher yields (Table [1], entries 1–7). Then, several oxidants were investigated, such as dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB), dibutyl peroxide, K2S2O8, and DDQ, but the reaction with TBHP still resulted in the best result (Table [1], entries 8–11). When we increased the amount of (2a) from 2 equivalents to 4 equivalents and decreased the amount of TBHP from 5 equivalents to 3 equivalents, the yield of target product was increased to 86% (Table [1], entries 12, 13). Finally, other solvents (DMSO, H2O, 1,4-dioxane, toluene) were studied instead, but unfortunately no improvement in yield was observed (Table [1], entries 14–17). Ultimately, we chose (1a, 0.3 mmol), (2a, 4.0 equiv.), TBAI (20 mol%), and TBHP (3.0 equiv.) in DCE (2 mL) at 100 °C for 48 hours as the optimal reaction conditions.

Unexpectedly, we observed a byproduct in a relatively low yield, with 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one 4a being observed when BPO or TBPB were used as oxidant. It was observed that reaction with iodine showed a slightly higher yield (Table [2], entry 2). Subsequently, a variety of solvents such as acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, and DMSO was investigated (Table [2], entries 6–8). Finally, we surveyed varying the effect of temperature (Table [2], entries 4, 5), but the reaction did not proceed well. In order to confirm the source of the aryl group, we conducted experiments without acetophenone. To our satisfaction, the yield of 4a was increased from 34% to 61% (Table [2], entry 9). Finally, the number of equivalents of iodine and TBPB was investigated, and the yield was eventually improved to 95% (Table [2], entries 10–13). Considering the hazards associated with TBPB, 5 equivalents of TBPB were chosen as the preferred conditions. Thus, the optimized reaction conditions were chosen as TBPB (5 equiv.), I2 (2 mol%) in DCE at 100 °C for 8 hours.

Table 2 Optimization of the Reaction Conditionsa

Entry

[I]/mmol%

[O]/equiv.

Solvent

Temp (°C)

Yield (%)b

1

TBAI/20

TBPB/5

DCE

100

30

2

I2/20

TBPB/5

DCE

100

34

3

KI/20

TBPB/5

DCE

100

33

4

I2/20

TBPB/5

DCE

90

25

5

I2/20

TBPB/5

DCE

110

28

6

I2/20

TBPB/5

CH3CN

100

38

7

I2/20

TBPB/5

dioxane

100

41

8

I2/20

TBPB/5

DMSO

100

NR

9c

I2/20

TBPB/5

DCE

100

61

10c

I2/50

TBPB/5

DCE

100

27

11c

I2/2

TBPB/5

DCE

100

88

12c

I2/2

TBPB/4

DCE

100

71

13c

I2/2

TBPB/7

DCE

100

95

a Reaction conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), 2a (2.0 equiv.), solvent (2.0 mL), sealed tube, 48 h.

b Isolated yields.

c Acetophenone was not present.

With the optimized conditions in hand, a range of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was investigated to give the corresponding derivatives 3 (Scheme [5]). These N-substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-one analogues showed good reactivities, giving the anticipated products 3aaaj in 32–93% yields.

Zoom Image
Scheme 5 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1 (0.3 mmol), 2a (4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), TBHP (3.0 equiv.), DCE (2 mL), sealed tube.[27]

In particular, an N-phenyl-substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-one was well tolerated, giving the corresponding product 3aj in 64% yield. Likewise, it was found that substrates with N-propyl, N-butyl and N-cyclohexylmethyl substitution provided the desired products (3ag, 3ae, and 3af) in good yields. Then, we explored substitution at R1 and R2 with R3 = CH3 (Scheme [5]). Electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups provided the desired products in moderate to good yields (3ak, 3al, and 3an). Subsequently, we found that electron-withdrawing substituents (–F, –Br) had a positive effect compared to an electron-­donating group (–CH3). Furthermore, a substrate with an additional aromatic ring resulted a high yield of 73% (3am).

Finally, we studied the scope of acetophenones (Scheme [6]). When the substrates possessed electron-donating groups, the yields were lower with a substituent at the ortho position than at the para position. In addition, o-hydroxyacetophenone also gave the desired product 3ba in 57%. yield. With electron-withdrawing groups present at the ortho or para positions, the corresponding products 3bbbi were obtained in 33–74% yields. The π-extended aromatic substrate provided the expected product 3bj in a 78% yield.

Zoom Image
Scheme 6 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), 2 (4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), TBHP (3.0 equiv.), DCE (2 mL), sealed tube.[27]

Most of the substrates studied gave the expected products 4aaai in moderate to excellent yields (Scheme [7]). ­N-Substituted quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones containing N-ester, N-benzyl, N-benzene acetyl, N-propyl, and N-aryl substituents were all suitable for this reaction, providing the desired products in moderate to good yields. In addition, N-phenyl quinoxalinone gave the corresponding product 4af in 94% yield. Finally, we explored substitutions at R1 and R2 with R3 = CH3. An electron-withdrawing substituent (–Cl) had a positive effect compared to an electron-donating group (–CH3). Appending an additional aromatic ring also led to 4ai in 70% yield (Scheme [7]).

Zoom Image
Scheme 7 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), I2 (0.02 equiv.), TBPB (5.0 equiv.), solvent (2.0 mL), sealed tube.[27]

Addition of a radical-trapping reagent such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxide (TEMPO) or BHT to the reaction suppressed the transformation, strongly indicating that the C–C bond formation is a radical-mediated process (Scheme [8]).

Zoom Image
Scheme 8 Experiments with added radical inhibitors

On the basis of this result, a plausible reaction mechanism can be proposed (Scheme [9]). Either the tert-butoxy radical or tert-butylhydroperoxy radical can remove a ­hydrogen atom from 2a to form radical intermediate 5. Addition of intermediate 5 to 1a affords intermediate 6. Then intermediate 6 can undergo 1,2-H shift to form the more stable intermediate 7. Finally, the final product 3a is obtained by hydrogen-atom removal by a tert-butoxy radical.

Zoom Image
Scheme 9 Plausible reaction mechanism

For the TBPB reaction catalyzed by I2, the benzoyl radical releases carbon dioxide forming the phenyl radical under standard conditions. Addition of the phenyl radical to the carbon–nitrogen double bond affords radical intermediate 10, which is further oxidized by the iodide cation to form nitrogen cation compound 11 that then undergoes 1,2-H shift to give 12. Finally, the desired compound is obtained by hydrogen-atom removal to give 4a (Scheme [10]).

Zoom Image
Scheme 10 Plausible reaction mechanism

In conclusion, we have developed a novel protocol for direct synthesis of 3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones.[] The iodide/peroxide system has been shown to be a powerful combination to activate the C–H bond of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. This process exhibits good functional group tolerance with a broad substrate scope, resulting in acetylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones and providing a new method for the introduction of an aryl group.


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Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to the Analytical Center for Structural Constituent and Physical Property of Core Facilities Sharing Platform, Shandong University for their technological and service support.

Supporting Information

  • References and Notes

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  • 27 Substituted substrates 1 were obtained according to the literature reports.28 Other reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial available reagents and solvents and were used directly without further purification. All the reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer at 500 MHz using CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 as solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. 13C NMR spectra were run in the same instrument at 125 MHz. HRMS spectra were measured on a Q-TOF instrument in positive-ion mode with an ESI ion source. Melting points were recorded on an XD-4 digital micro melting point apparatus.General Procedure for the TBAI-Catalyzed C–H AcetylationA mixture of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (1, 0.3 mmol), acetophenone (2, 4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), and TBHP (3.0 equiv.) in DCE (2.0 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 100 °C for 48 h. After completion of the reaction, the tube was then cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 30:1) on silica gel to provide pure product.General Procedure for the I2-Catalyzed C–H ArylationA mixture of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (1, 0.3 mmol), I2 (0.02 equiv), and TBPB (5.0 equiv.) in DCE solvent (2.0 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 100 °C for 6 h. After completion of the reaction, the tube was then cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 10:1) on silica gel to provide the pure product.(Z)-1-Methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3a)Yield 86%; yellow solid; mp 176–181 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.01 (s, 1 H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 4 H), 7.18 (s, 2 H), 7.01 (s, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 190.2, 156.3, 144.6, 138.9, 131.9, 130.2, 128.5, 127.5, 125.3, 124.4, 124.1, 116.8, 114.4, 91.0, 29.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H14N2O2: 279.1134; found: 279.1135.Ethyl-(E)-4-[(Z)-2-oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]but-2-enoate (3aa)Yield 46%; yellow solid; mp 167–170 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.82 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.52 (m, 4 H), 7.28 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.24–7.19 (m, 2 H), 7.04 (dt, J 1 = 15.9 Hz, J 2 = 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 5.96 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.02 (s, 2 H), 4.11 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 165.6, 156.0, 145.2, 142.7, 139.1, 132.4, 129.2, 127.7, 127.4, 125.5, 124.6, 122.1, 117.7, 115.7, 90.1, 60.5, 40.5, 14.5. HRMS (ESI)): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H20N2O4: 377.1501; found: 377.1502.(Z)-4-[2-Oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]butanoate (3ab)Yield 32%; yellow solid; mp 256–260 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.85 (s, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.54 (m, 7 H), 7.28–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 4.25–4.22 (m, 2 H), 4.06–4.04 (m, 2 H), 2.51–2.49 (m, 2 H), 1.95 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.6, 172.9, 155.8, 145.1, 139.0, 132.4, 129.2, 127.8, 127.4, 125.3, 124.8, 124.5, 117.9, 115.3, 89.9, 60.4, 31.1, 22.3, 14.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H22N2O4: 379.1658; found: 379.1653.(Z)-1-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ac)Yield 76%; yellow solid; mp 188–190 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.57–7.53 (m, 6 H), 7.33–7.24 (m, 5 H), 6.94 (s, 1 H), 5.43 (s, 2 H), 1.22 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 156.0, 150.6, 145.1, 139.0, 133.1, 132.5, 129.3, 127.9, 127.5, 127.0, 125.9, 125.5, 124.7, 117.8, 116.02, 90.29, 45.6, 34.7, 31.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H20N2O4:411.2073; found: 411.2071.(Z)-1-Cinnamyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ad)Yield 42%; yellow solid; mp 204–207 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.52 (m, 5 H), 7.43–7.40 (m, 3 H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.23–7.21 (m, 2 H), 6.90 (s, 1 H), 5.01 (s, 2 H), 2.50 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 155.8, 145.2, 139.1, 136.6, 132.4, 132.1, 129.3, 129.1, 128.2, 127.9, 127.5, 126.8, 125.4, 124.7, 124.6, 123.7, 117.7, 115.9, 44.7. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C25H20N2O2: 381.1603; found: 381.1603.(Z)-1-Butyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ae)Yield 93%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 14.06 (s, 1 H), 8.04–8.03 (m, 2 H), 7.52–7.45 (m, 3 H), 7.23–7.18 (m, 4 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 1.24–1.20 (m, 2 H), 1.80–1.72 (m, 2 H), 1.55–1.45 (m, 2 H), 1.00 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 190.0, 156.0, 144.7, 139.8, 131.8, 128.5, 127.4, 125.5, 124.2, 124.0, 117.1, 114.5, 90.8, 77.4, 77.0, 76.7, 42.7, 29.1, 20.3, 13.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H22N2O: 321.1603; found: 321.1602.(Z)-1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3af)Yield 65%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.85 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.55–7.49 (m, 4 H), 7.39 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 7.22–7.17 (m, 2 H), 6.83 (s, 1 H), 4.05 (s, 2 H), 1.79 (s, 1 H), 1.63 (d, J = 8.15 Hz, 4 H), 1.10–1.08 (m, 6 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 156.0, 145.0, 139.0, 132.3, 129.1, 128.0, 127.4, 125.2, 124.7, 124.4, 117.8, 115.7, 90.0, 48.0, 36.2, 30.6, 26.3, 25.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C23H24N2O2: 361.1916; found: 361.1916.(Z)-3-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-1-propyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ag)Yield 63%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6 ): δ = 13.82 (s, 1 H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.56–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.51–7.48 (m, 3 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.23–7.16 (m, 2 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 1.68 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 155.6, 145.0, 139.0, 132.3, 129.1, 127.7, 127.4, 125.2, 124.7, 124.4, 117.8, 115.4, 89.9, 44.1, 20.5, 11.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H18N2O2: 307.1447; found: 307.1448.(Z)-1-Benzyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ah)Yield 69%; yellow solid; mp 180–184 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.54 (m, 4 H), 7.34 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 4 H), 7.27–7.25 (m, 2 H), 7.20 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 5.48 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.8, 156.4, 145.1, 139.0, 136.2, 132.5, 129.3, 129.2, 127.8, 127.5, 127.2, 125.4, 124.7, 124.6, 117.8, 116.0, 90.4, 46.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C23H18N2O2: 355.1447; found: 355.1446.(Z)-2-[2-Oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]ethyl acetate (3ai)Yield 70%; yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.72 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.57 (m, 2 H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.25–7.19 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 5.07 (s, 2 H), 4.22 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 1.25 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ =188.9, 168.0, 156.1, 144.3, 138.9, 132.5, 129.2, 127.8, 127.5, 125.1, 124.8, 124.7, 117.8, 115.3, 90.3, 61.9, 44.7, 14.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H18N2O4: 351.1345; found: 351.1342. (Z)-3-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3aj) Yield 64%; yellow solid; mp 191–193 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.67–7.63 (m, 3 H), 7.61–7.57 (m, 3 H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.20 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.05 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 189.0, 155.9, 145.7, 139.0, 136.9, 132.5, 130.6, 130.1, 129.7, 129.3, 129.2, 127.5, 125.1, 124.5, 124.3, 117.5, 116.0, 90.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H16N2O4: 341.1290; found: 341.1286. (Z)-1,6,7-Trimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ak) Yield 47%; yellow solid; mp 221–224 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.16 (s, 1 H), 8.03–8.01 (m, 2 H), 7. 50–7.46 (m, 3 H), 7.01 (s, 1 H), 6.97 (s, 1 H), 6.95 (s, 1 H), 3.64 (s, 3 H), 2.31 (s, 3 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 189.2, 156.2, 145.0, 139.0, 133.1, 131.5, 130.1, 128.5, 127.3, 126.5, 123.2, 117.8, 115.3, 90.4, 29.6, 19.9, 19.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H18N2O2: 307.1447; found: 306.1445. (Z)-6,7-Difluoro-1-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3al) Yield 74%; yellow solid; mp 286–288 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.07 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.54–7.45 (m, 4 H), 7.10–7.07 (m, 1 H), 7.00 (s, 1 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 188.9, 155.8, 145.0, 138.2, 132.1, 130.1, 128.6, 127.4, 106.1, 105.9, 103.8, 91.7, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H12F2N2O2: 315.0945; found: 315.0940. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3am) Yield 73%; yellow solid; mp 186–190 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.74 (s, 1 H), 8.01–7.98, (m, 3 H), 7.94–7.92 (m, 1 H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 7.62–7.54 (m, 4 H), 7.45–7.44 (m, 2 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 3.67 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 189.6, 156.1, 144.4, 139.0. 132.6, 130.4, 130.2, 129.3, 128.7, 127.9, 127.6, 127.0, 126.1, 125.8, 124.9, 113.1, 112.2, 91.1, 30.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O2: 329.1290; found: 329.1285. (Z)-6,7-Dibromo-1-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3an) Yield 51%; yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.35 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 5 Hz, 2 H), 7.61–7.49 (m, 4 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 3.50 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.9, 155.6, 144.0, 138.7, 132.6, 129.2, 127.5, 125.9, 121.4, 119.6, 118.3, 118.1, 91.3, 30.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H12Br2N2O2: 434.9344; found: 434.9349. (Z)-3-[2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ba) Yield 57%; yellow solid; mp 207–209 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.27 (s, 1 H), 12.85 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.48–7.44 (m, 2 H), 6.97–6.93 (m, 2 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.9, 167.4, 156.2, 146.1, 139.1, 132.4, 129.2, 127.5, 127.2, 124.6, 124.5, 124.2, 117.1, 115.8, 89.6, 40.0. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H14N2O3: 295.1083; found: 295.1079. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-oxo-2-(o-tolyl)ethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bb) Yield 33%; yellow solid; mp 144–147 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.54 (s, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.42–7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.32–7.22 (m, 4 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 193.8, 155.7, 144.3, 140.7, 136.2, 131.7, 130.5, 128.7, 128.1, 126.4, 125.0, 124.6, 124.4, 117.4, 115.5, 93.9, 30.2, 20.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O2: 293.1290; found: 293.1295. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bc) Yield 74%; yellow solid; mp 199–203 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.76 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.53–7.51 (m, 1 H), 7.42–7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.24–7.21 (m, 2 H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 6.83 (s, 1 H), 3.85 (s, 3 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.1, 162.9, 156.0, 144.6, 131.8, 129.6, 128.6, 125.2, 124.5, 124.4, 117.1, 115.5, 114.5, 89.8, 55.9, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O3: 309.1239; found: 309.1238. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-oxo-2-(p-tolyl)ethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bd) Yield 62%; yellow solid; mp 179–181 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.79 (s, 1 H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.53 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.33 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.25–7.20 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H), 2.37 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 155.8, 144.9, 142.6, 136.4, 129.8, 128.7, 127.5, 125.1, 124.5, 117.3, 115.5, 89.9, 30.2, 21.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O2: 293.1290; found: 293.1288. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3be) Yield 61%; yellow solid; mp 263–265 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.84 (s, 1 H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.45–7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.30–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.4, 155.7, 145.5, 138.1, 132.3, 129.5, 128.9, 126.3, 124.9, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 100.0, 89.7, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13BrN2O2: 357.0239; found: 357.0241. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bf) Yield 51%; yellow solid; mp 248–253 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.83 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.28–7.24 (m, 2 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.2, 155.7, 145.4, 137.7, 137.2, 129.4, 128.9, 125.0, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 89.7, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13ClN2O2: 313.0744; found: 313.0742. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Iodophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bg) Yield 49%; yellow solid; mp 204–206 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.83 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2 H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.58–7.56 (m, 1 H), 7.44–7.42 (m, 1 H), 7.29–7.21 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.6, 155.7, 145.4, 138.4, 138.2, 129.3, 128.9, 125.0, 124.9, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 100.4, 89.6, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13IN2O2: 405.0100; found: 405.0102. (Z)-3-[2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bh) Yield 70%; yellow solid; mp 145–150 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.75 (s, 1 H), 7.88–7.84 (m, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.37–7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.29–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.75 (s, 1 H), 3.59 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 185.4, 161.5, 157.5, 155.6, 145.2, 134.0, 133.9 (J = 35.5 Hz), 130.5, 129.0, 127.7, 127.6 (J = 49.0 Hz), 125.3 (J = 13.0 Hz), 125.0, 124.9, 124.5, 117.7, 117.2 (J = 250.6 Hz), 117.0, 115.6, 94.2, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13FN2O2: 297.1039; found: 297.1041. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-{2-oxo-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bi) Yield 35%; yellow solid; mp 191–195 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.29 (s, 1 H), 7.84–7.76 (m, 2 H), 7.65–7.70 (m, 3 H), 7.43 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.28–7.21, (m, 2 H), 6.32 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 191.7, 155.4, 144.6, 140.9, 133.1, 130.6, 128.9, 128.8 (J = 65.4 Hz), 127.1, 127.0 (J = 21.2 Hz), 126.2, 126.0 (J = 124.8 Hz), 125.5, 125.0, 124.7, 124.5 (J = 61.7 Hz), 123.3, 117.6, 115.6, 93.5, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H13F3N2O2: 347.1007; found: 347.1002. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxoethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bj) Yield 78%; yellow solid; mp 164–167 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.69 (s, 1 H), 8.52 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.02–8.01 (m, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.62–7.59 (m, 4 H), 7.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.29–7.23 (m, 2 H), 6.61 (s, 1 H), 3.59 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 193.2, 155.8, 144.6, 138.6, 133.9, 131.4, 130.0, 128.9, 128.8, 127.5, 126.8, 126.7, 126.0, 125.7, 125.0, 124.7, 124.5, 117.4, 115.6, 94.5, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O2: 329.1290; found: 329.1286. 1-Methyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4a) Yield 88%; white solid; mp 114–116 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.31–8.30 (m, 2 H), 7.95 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.49–7.48 (m, 3 H), 7.39–7.34 (m, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.2, 136.1, 133.4, 133.1, 130.5, 130.3, 129.6, 128.1, 123.8, 113.6, 29.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H12N2O: 237.1028; found: 237.1028. Ethyl 2-[2-Oxo-3-phenylquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]acetate (4aa) Yield 47%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.33–8.31 (m, 2 H), 7.99 (dd, J 1 = 8.0 Hz, J 2 = 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.57–7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.41–7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 4.30 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 167.2, 154.3, 154.0, 135.7, 133.2, 132.5, 130.8, 130.5, 129.6, 128.1, 124.1, 113.1, 62.1, 43.8, 14.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O3: 309.1239; found: 309.1238. 1-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ab) Yield 37%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.29–8.27 (m, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.43–7.41 (m, 4 H), 7.28–7.25 (m, 5 H), 7.18 (s, 2 H), 5.47 (s, 2 H), 1.20 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.3, 150.7, 136.1, 133.4, 132.9, 132.3, 130.6, 130.4, 130.3, 129.7, 128.1, 126.8, 125.9, 123.8, 114.5, 45.9, 34.5, 31.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C25H24N2O: 369.1967; found: 369.1669. 1-Benzyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ac) Yield 51%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.38–8.35 (m, 2 H), 7.97 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.51–7.49 (m, 3 H), 7.46–7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.36–7.26 (m, 7 H), 5.58 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.3, 136.0, 135.4, 133.4, 132.8, 130.6, 130.5, 130.4, 129.7, 129.0, 128.1, 127.7, 127.0, 123.8, 114.4, 46.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O: 313.1341; found: 313.1343. 1-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ad) Yield 32%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.34–8.31 (m, 2 H), 8.12–8.10 (m, 2 H), 8.01 (dd, J 1 = 8.0 Hz, J 2 = 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.71–7.67 (m, 2 H), 7.59–7.55 (m, 2 H), 7.49–7.48 (m, 4 H), 7.39–7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.01 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.82 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 192.9, 154.3, 153.2, 136.0, 135.0, 133.4, 132.8, 131.2, 130.9, 130.3, 129.8, 129.5, 129.0, 128.8, 128.5, 124.3, 115.9, 50.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H16N2O2: 341.1290; found: 341.1290. 3-Phenyl-1-propylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ae) Yield 28%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.32–8.30 (m, 2 H), 7.97–7.95 (m, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 1 H), 7.49–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.38–7.33 (m, 2 H), 4.31–4.27 (m, 2 H), 1.90–1.81 (m, 2 H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.4, 154.2, 136.1, 133.4, 132.6, 130.7, 130.3, 130.2, 129.6, 128.1, 123.5, 113.6, 44.1, 20.7, 11.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H17N2O: 265.1341; found: 265.1345. 1,3-Diphenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4af) Yield 94%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.40–8.38 (m, 2 H), 8.00–7.98 (m, 2 H), 7.66–7.56 (m, 4 H), 7.49–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.37–7.34 (m, 4 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.5, 136.1, 135.7, 134.2, 133.0, 130.5, 130.3, 130.1, 130.0, 129.7, 129.4, 128.3, 128.1, 123.9, 115.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H14N2O: 299.1184; found: 299.1180. 1,6,7-Trimethyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ag) Yield 66%; white solid; mp 154–156 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.29–8.26 (m, 2 H), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 8.49–8.35 (m, 4 H), 7.11 (s, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 2.38 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 167.8, 154.5, 152.1, 140.9, 137.0, 133.4, 132.8, 131.2, 129.7, 129.1, 128.3, 115.5, 29.7, 20.5, 19.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H16N2O: 265.1341; found: 265.1338. 6,7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ah) Yield 95%; white solid; mp 172–174 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.31–8.29 (m, 2 H), 8.02 (s, 1 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.42 (s, 1 H), 3.72 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 155.2, 154.1, 135.4, 134.3, 132.7, 132.2, 131.1, 130.9, 130.0, 128.2, 115.1, 29.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H10Cl2N2O: 306.1660; found: 306.1661. 1-Methyl-3-phenylbenzo[g]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ai) Yield 70%; yellow solid; mp 162–164 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.45 (s, 1 H), 8.34–8.32 (m, 2 H), 8.00–7.91 (m, 2 H), 7.62 (s, 1 H), 7.59–7.55 (m, 1 H), 7.51–7.49 (m, 4 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.7, 136.1, 133.8, 132.5, 132.0, 130.5, 129.9, 129.7, 129.7, 128.5, 128.1, 127.9, 127.2, 125.3, 109.8, 29.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H14N2O: 287.3420; found: 287.3421.
  • 28 Carrër A, Brion J.-D, Messaoudi S, Alami M. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 5606

Corresponding Author

Chen Ma
Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University
Jinan 250100
P. R. of China   

Publikationsverlauf

Eingereicht: 15. März 2021

Angenommen nach Revision: 21. April 2021

Accepted Manuscript online:
23. April 2021

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
12. Mai 2021

© 2021. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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  • References and Notes

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  • 27 Substituted substrates 1 were obtained according to the literature reports.28 Other reagents and solvents were obtained from commercial available reagents and solvents and were used directly without further purification. All the reactions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer at 500 MHz using CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 as solvent and tetramethylsilane (TMS) as internal standard. 13C NMR spectra were run in the same instrument at 125 MHz. HRMS spectra were measured on a Q-TOF instrument in positive-ion mode with an ESI ion source. Melting points were recorded on an XD-4 digital micro melting point apparatus.General Procedure for the TBAI-Catalyzed C–H AcetylationA mixture of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (1, 0.3 mmol), acetophenone (2, 4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), and TBHP (3.0 equiv.) in DCE (2.0 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 100 °C for 48 h. After completion of the reaction, the tube was then cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 30:1) on silica gel to provide pure product.General Procedure for the I2-Catalyzed C–H ArylationA mixture of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (1, 0.3 mmol), I2 (0.02 equiv), and TBPB (5.0 equiv.) in DCE solvent (2.0 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 100 °C for 6 h. After completion of the reaction, the tube was then cooled to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate = 10:1) on silica gel to provide the pure product.(Z)-1-Methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3a)Yield 86%; yellow solid; mp 176–181 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.01 (s, 1 H), 8.13 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 8.03 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 4 H), 7.18 (s, 2 H), 7.01 (s, 1 H), 3.65 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 190.2, 156.3, 144.6, 138.9, 131.9, 130.2, 128.5, 127.5, 125.3, 124.4, 124.1, 116.8, 114.4, 91.0, 29.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H14N2O2: 279.1134; found: 279.1135.Ethyl-(E)-4-[(Z)-2-oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]but-2-enoate (3aa)Yield 46%; yellow solid; mp 167–170 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.82 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.52 (m, 4 H), 7.28 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.24–7.19 (m, 2 H), 7.04 (dt, J 1 = 15.9 Hz, J 2 = 4.3 Hz, 1 H), 6.87 (s, 1 H), 5.96 (d, J = 15.9 Hz, 1 H), 5.02 (s, 2 H), 4.11 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 165.6, 156.0, 145.2, 142.7, 139.1, 132.4, 129.2, 127.7, 127.4, 125.5, 124.6, 122.1, 117.7, 115.7, 90.1, 60.5, 40.5, 14.5. HRMS (ESI)): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H20N2O4: 377.1501; found: 377.1502.(Z)-4-[2-Oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]butanoate (3ab)Yield 32%; yellow solid; mp 256–260 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.85 (s, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 5.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.54 (m, 7 H), 7.28–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 4.25–4.22 (m, 2 H), 4.06–4.04 (m, 2 H), 2.51–2.49 (m, 2 H), 1.95 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.6, 172.9, 155.8, 145.1, 139.0, 132.4, 129.2, 127.8, 127.4, 125.3, 124.8, 124.5, 117.9, 115.3, 89.9, 60.4, 31.1, 22.3, 14.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H22N2O4: 379.1658; found: 379.1653.(Z)-1-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ac)Yield 76%; yellow solid; mp 188–190 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.57–7.53 (m, 6 H), 7.33–7.24 (m, 5 H), 6.94 (s, 1 H), 5.43 (s, 2 H), 1.22 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 156.0, 150.6, 145.1, 139.0, 133.1, 132.5, 129.3, 127.9, 127.5, 127.0, 125.9, 125.5, 124.7, 117.8, 116.02, 90.29, 45.6, 34.7, 31.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H20N2O4:411.2073; found: 411.2071.(Z)-1-Cinnamyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ad)Yield 42%; yellow solid; mp 204–207 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.52 (m, 5 H), 7.43–7.40 (m, 3 H), 7.31 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2 H), 7.23–7.21 (m, 2 H), 6.90 (s, 1 H), 5.01 (s, 2 H), 2.50 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.7, 155.8, 145.2, 139.1, 136.6, 132.4, 132.1, 129.3, 129.1, 128.2, 127.9, 127.5, 126.8, 125.4, 124.7, 124.6, 123.7, 117.7, 115.9, 44.7. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C25H20N2O2: 381.1603; found: 381.1603.(Z)-1-Butyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ae)Yield 93%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 14.06 (s, 1 H), 8.04–8.03 (m, 2 H), 7.52–7.45 (m, 3 H), 7.23–7.18 (m, 4 H), 7.02 (s, 1 H), 1.24–1.20 (m, 2 H), 1.80–1.72 (m, 2 H), 1.55–1.45 (m, 2 H), 1.00 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 190.0, 156.0, 144.7, 139.8, 131.8, 128.5, 127.4, 125.5, 124.2, 124.0, 117.1, 114.5, 90.8, 77.4, 77.0, 76.7, 42.7, 29.1, 20.3, 13.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H22N2O: 321.1603; found: 321.1602.(Z)-1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3af)Yield 65%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.85 (s, 1 H), 7.95 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.55–7.49 (m, 4 H), 7.39 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H), 7.22–7.17 (m, 2 H), 6.83 (s, 1 H), 4.05 (s, 2 H), 1.79 (s, 1 H), 1.63 (d, J = 8.15 Hz, 4 H), 1.10–1.08 (m, 6 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 156.0, 145.0, 139.0, 132.3, 129.1, 128.0, 127.4, 125.2, 124.7, 124.4, 117.8, 115.7, 90.0, 48.0, 36.2, 30.6, 26.3, 25.8. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C23H24N2O2: 361.1916; found: 361.1916.(Z)-3-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-1-propyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ag)Yield 63%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6 ): δ = 13.82 (s, 1 H), 7.94 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.56–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.51–7.48 (m, 3 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1 H), 7.23–7.16 (m, 2 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 1.68 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2 H), 0.96 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 155.6, 145.0, 139.0, 132.3, 129.1, 127.7, 127.4, 125.2, 124.7, 124.4, 117.8, 115.4, 89.9, 44.1, 20.5, 11.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H18N2O2: 307.1447; found: 307.1448.(Z)-1-Benzyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ah)Yield 69%; yellow solid; mp 180–184 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.59–7.54 (m, 4 H), 7.34 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 4 H), 7.27–7.25 (m, 2 H), 7.20 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.14 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 5.48 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.8, 156.4, 145.1, 139.0, 136.2, 132.5, 129.3, 129.2, 127.8, 127.5, 127.2, 125.4, 124.7, 124.6, 117.8, 116.0, 90.4, 46.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C23H18N2O2: 355.1447; found: 355.1446.(Z)-2-[2-Oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]ethyl acetate (3ai)Yield 70%; yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.72 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.57 (m, 2 H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.37 (d, J = 9.3 Hz, 1 H), 7.25–7.19 (m, 2 H), 6.86 (s, 1 H), 5.07 (s, 2 H), 4.22 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2 H), 1.25 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ =188.9, 168.0, 156.1, 144.3, 138.9, 132.5, 129.2, 127.8, 127.5, 125.1, 124.8, 124.7, 117.8, 115.3, 90.3, 61.9, 44.7, 14.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H18N2O4: 351.1345; found: 351.1342. (Z)-3-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-1-phenyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3aj) Yield 64%; yellow solid; mp 191–193 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.86 (s, 1 H), 7.99 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.67–7.63 (m, 3 H), 7.61–7.57 (m, 3 H), 7.55–7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.46 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2 H), 7.20 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1 H), 7.05 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 6.88 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 189.0, 155.9, 145.7, 139.0, 136.9, 132.5, 130.6, 130.1, 129.7, 129.3, 129.2, 127.5, 125.1, 124.5, 124.3, 117.5, 116.0, 90.1. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H16N2O4: 341.1290; found: 341.1286. (Z)-1,6,7-Trimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ak) Yield 47%; yellow solid; mp 221–224 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.16 (s, 1 H), 8.03–8.01 (m, 2 H), 7. 50–7.46 (m, 3 H), 7.01 (s, 1 H), 6.97 (s, 1 H), 6.95 (s, 1 H), 3.64 (s, 3 H), 2.31 (s, 3 H), 2.28 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 189.2, 156.2, 145.0, 139.0, 133.1, 131.5, 130.1, 128.5, 127.3, 126.5, 123.2, 117.8, 115.3, 90.4, 29.6, 19.9, 19.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H18N2O2: 307.1447; found: 306.1445. (Z)-6,7-Difluoro-1-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3al) Yield 74%; yellow solid; mp 286–288 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 14.07 (s, 1 H), 8.00 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.54–7.45 (m, 4 H), 7.10–7.07 (m, 1 H), 7.00 (s, 1 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 188.9, 155.8, 145.0, 138.2, 132.1, 130.1, 128.6, 127.4, 106.1, 105.9, 103.8, 91.7, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H12F2N2O2: 315.0945; found: 315.0940. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3am) Yield 73%; yellow solid; mp 186–190 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.74 (s, 1 H), 8.01–7.98, (m, 3 H), 7.94–7.92 (m, 1 H), 7.85 (s, 1 H), 7.62–7.54 (m, 4 H), 7.45–7.44 (m, 2 H), 6.92 (s, 1 H), 3.67 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 189.6, 156.1, 144.4, 139.0. 132.6, 130.4, 130.2, 129.3, 128.7, 127.9, 127.6, 127.0, 126.1, 125.8, 124.9, 113.1, 112.2, 91.1, 30.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O2: 329.1290; found: 329.1285. (Z)-6,7-Dibromo-1-methyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethylidene)-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3an) Yield 51%; yellow solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.35 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 5 Hz, 2 H), 7.61–7.49 (m, 4 H), 6.81 (s, 1 H), 3.50 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.9, 155.6, 144.0, 138.7, 132.6, 129.2, 127.5, 125.9, 121.4, 119.6, 118.3, 118.1, 91.3, 30.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H12Br2N2O2: 434.9344; found: 434.9349. (Z)-3-[2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3ba) Yield 57%; yellow solid; mp 207–209 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.27 (s, 1 H), 12.85 (s, 1 H), 7.90 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.68 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.48–7.44 (m, 2 H), 6.97–6.93 (m, 2 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.9, 167.4, 156.2, 146.1, 139.1, 132.4, 129.2, 127.5, 127.2, 124.6, 124.5, 124.2, 117.1, 115.8, 89.6, 40.0. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H14N2O3: 295.1083; found: 295.1079. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-oxo-2-(o-tolyl)ethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bb) Yield 33%; yellow solid; mp 144–147 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.54 (s, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 2 H), 7.42–7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.32–7.22 (m, 4 H), 6.44 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H), 2.46 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 193.8, 155.7, 144.3, 140.7, 136.2, 131.7, 130.5, 128.7, 128.1, 126.4, 125.0, 124.6, 124.4, 117.4, 115.5, 93.9, 30.2, 20.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O2: 293.1290; found: 293.1295. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bc) Yield 74%; yellow solid; mp 199–203 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.76 (s, 1 H), 7.98 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2 H), 7.53–7.51 (m, 1 H), 7.42–7.40 (m, 1 H), 7.24–7.21 (m, 2 H), 7.08 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2 H), 6.83 (s, 1 H), 3.85 (s, 3 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.1, 162.9, 156.0, 144.6, 131.8, 129.6, 128.6, 125.2, 124.5, 124.4, 117.1, 115.5, 114.5, 89.8, 55.9, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O3: 309.1239; found: 309.1238. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-oxo-2-(p-tolyl)ethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bd) Yield 62%; yellow solid; mp 179–181 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.79 (s, 1 H), 7.88 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.53 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2 H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.33 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.25–7.20 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H), 2.37 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 188.5, 155.8, 144.9, 142.6, 136.4, 129.8, 128.7, 127.5, 125.1, 124.5, 117.3, 115.5, 89.9, 30.2, 21.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O2: 293.1290; found: 293.1288. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3be) Yield 61%; yellow solid; mp 263–265 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.84 (s, 1 H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.75 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.60–7.58 (m, 1 H), 7.45–7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.30–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 3.61 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.4, 155.7, 145.5, 138.1, 132.3, 129.5, 128.9, 126.3, 124.9, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 100.0, 89.7, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13BrN2O2: 357.0239; found: 357.0241. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bf) Yield 51%; yellow solid; mp 248–253 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.83 (s, 1 H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.60 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2 H), 7.28–7.24 (m, 2 H), 6.84 (s, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.2, 155.7, 145.4, 137.7, 137.2, 129.4, 128.9, 125.0, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 89.7, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13ClN2O2: 313.0744; found: 313.0742. (Z)-3-[2-(4-Iodophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bg) Yield 49%; yellow solid; mp 204–206 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.83 (s, 1 H), 7.92 (d, J = 8 Hz, 2 H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.58–7.56 (m, 1 H), 7.44–7.42 (m, 1 H), 7.29–7.21 (m, 2 H), 6.82 (s, 1 H), 3.60 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 187.6, 155.7, 145.4, 138.4, 138.2, 129.3, 128.9, 125.0, 124.9, 124.6, 117.6, 115.6, 100.4, 89.6, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13IN2O2: 405.0100; found: 405.0102. (Z)-3-[2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethylidene]-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bh) Yield 70%; yellow solid; mp 145–150 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.75 (s, 1 H), 7.88–7.84 (m, 1 H), 7.60 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 2 H), 7.44 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2 H), 7.37–7.32 (m, 2 H), 7.29–7.22 (m, 2 H), 6.75 (s, 1 H), 3.59 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 185.4, 161.5, 157.5, 155.6, 145.2, 134.0, 133.9 (J = 35.5 Hz), 130.5, 129.0, 127.7, 127.6 (J = 49.0 Hz), 125.3 (J = 13.0 Hz), 125.0, 124.9, 124.5, 117.7, 117.2 (J = 250.6 Hz), 117.0, 115.6, 94.2, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H13FN2O2: 297.1039; found: 297.1041. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-{2-oxo-2-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bi) Yield 35%; yellow solid; mp 191–195 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.29 (s, 1 H), 7.84–7.76 (m, 2 H), 7.65–7.70 (m, 3 H), 7.43 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1 H), 7.28–7.21, (m, 2 H), 6.32 (s, 1 H), 3.58 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 191.7, 155.4, 144.6, 140.9, 133.1, 130.6, 128.9, 128.8 (J = 65.4 Hz), 127.1, 127.0 (J = 21.2 Hz), 126.2, 126.0 (J = 124.8 Hz), 125.5, 125.0, 124.7, 124.5 (J = 61.7 Hz), 123.3, 117.6, 115.6, 93.5, 30.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H13F3N2O2: 347.1007; found: 347.1002. (Z)-1-Methyl-3-[2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-2-oxoethylidene]-3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3bj) Yield 78%; yellow solid; mp 164–167 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 13.69 (s, 1 H), 8.52 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1 H), 8.02–8.01 (m, 1 H), 7.84 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 1 H), 7.62–7.59 (m, 4 H), 7.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 7.29–7.23 (m, 2 H), 6.61 (s, 1 H), 3.59 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 193.2, 155.8, 144.6, 138.6, 133.9, 131.4, 130.0, 128.9, 128.8, 127.5, 126.8, 126.7, 126.0, 125.7, 125.0, 124.7, 124.5, 117.4, 115.6, 94.5, 30.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O2: 329.1290; found: 329.1286. 1-Methyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4a) Yield 88%; white solid; mp 114–116 °C. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.31–8.30 (m, 2 H), 7.95 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1 H), 7.59 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 7.49–7.48 (m, 3 H), 7.39–7.34 (m, 2 H), 3.78 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.2, 136.1, 133.4, 133.1, 130.5, 130.3, 129.6, 128.1, 123.8, 113.6, 29.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H12N2O: 237.1028; found: 237.1028. Ethyl 2-[2-Oxo-3-phenylquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl]acetate (4aa) Yield 47%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.33–8.31 (m, 2 H), 7.99 (dd, J 1 = 8.0 Hz, J 2 = 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.57–7.52 (m, 1 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.41–7.36 (m, 1 H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 4.30 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2 H), 1.31 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 167.2, 154.3, 154.0, 135.7, 133.2, 132.5, 130.8, 130.5, 129.6, 128.1, 124.1, 113.1, 62.1, 43.8, 14.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C18H16N2O3: 309.1239; found: 309.1238. 1-[4-(tert-Butyl)benzyl]-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ab) Yield 37%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.29–8.27 (m, 2 H), 7.89 (d, J = 6.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.43–7.41 (m, 4 H), 7.28–7.25 (m, 5 H), 7.18 (s, 2 H), 5.47 (s, 2 H), 1.20 (s, 9 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.3, 150.7, 136.1, 133.4, 132.9, 132.3, 130.6, 130.4, 130.3, 129.7, 128.1, 126.8, 125.9, 123.8, 114.5, 45.9, 34.5, 31.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C25H24N2O: 369.1967; found: 369.1669. 1-Benzyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ac) Yield 51%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.38–8.35 (m, 2 H), 7.97 (d, J = 9.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.51–7.49 (m, 3 H), 7.46–7.43 (m, 1 H), 7.36–7.26 (m, 7 H), 5.58 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.3, 136.0, 135.4, 133.4, 132.8, 130.6, 130.5, 130.4, 129.7, 129.0, 128.1, 127.7, 127.0, 123.8, 114.4, 46.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C21H16N2O: 313.1341; found: 313.1343. 1-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ad) Yield 32%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.34–8.31 (m, 2 H), 8.12–8.10 (m, 2 H), 8.01 (dd, J 1 = 8.0 Hz, J 2 = 1.4 Hz, 1 H), 7.71–7.67 (m, 2 H), 7.59–7.55 (m, 2 H), 7.49–7.48 (m, 4 H), 7.39–7.35 (m, 1 H), 7.01 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.82 (s, 2 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 192.9, 154.3, 153.2, 136.0, 135.0, 133.4, 132.8, 131.2, 130.9, 130.3, 129.8, 129.5, 129.0, 128.8, 128.5, 124.3, 115.9, 50.9. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C22H16N2O2: 341.1290; found: 341.1290. 3-Phenyl-1-propylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ae) Yield 28%; colorless oily liquid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.32–8.30 (m, 2 H), 7.97–7.95 (m, 1 H), 7.58–7.54 (m, 1 H), 7.49–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.38–7.33 (m, 2 H), 4.31–4.27 (m, 2 H), 1.90–1.81 (m, 2 H), 1.11 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.4, 154.2, 136.1, 133.4, 132.6, 130.7, 130.3, 130.2, 129.6, 128.1, 123.5, 113.6, 44.1, 20.7, 11.5. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H17N2O: 265.1341; found: 265.1345. 1,3-Diphenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4af) Yield 94%; white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.40–8.38 (m, 2 H), 8.00–7.98 (m, 2 H), 7.66–7.56 (m, 4 H), 7.49–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.37–7.34 (m, 4 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.5, 136.1, 135.7, 134.2, 133.0, 130.5, 130.3, 130.1, 130.0, 129.7, 129.4, 128.3, 128.1, 123.9, 115.4. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C20H14N2O: 299.1184; found: 299.1180. 1,6,7-Trimethyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ag) Yield 66%; white solid; mp 154–156 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.29–8.26 (m, 2 H), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 8.49–8.35 (m, 4 H), 7.11 (s, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 2.38 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d 6): δ = 167.8, 154.5, 152.1, 140.9, 137.0, 133.4, 132.8, 131.2, 129.7, 129.1, 128.3, 115.5, 29.7, 20.5, 19.2. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C17H16N2O: 265.1341; found: 265.1338. 6,7-Chloro-1-methyl-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ah) Yield 95%; white solid; mp 172–174 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.31–8.29 (m, 2 H), 8.02 (s, 1 H), 7.51–7.47 (m, 3 H), 7.42 (s, 1 H), 3.72 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 155.2, 154.1, 135.4, 134.3, 132.7, 132.2, 131.1, 130.9, 130.0, 128.2, 115.1, 29.6. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C15H10Cl2N2O: 306.1660; found: 306.1661. 1-Methyl-3-phenylbenzo[g]quinoxalin-2(1H)-one (4ai) Yield 70%; yellow solid; mp 162–164 °C. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 8.45 (s, 1 H), 8.34–8.32 (m, 2 H), 8.00–7.91 (m, 2 H), 7.62 (s, 1 H), 7.59–7.55 (m, 1 H), 7.51–7.49 (m, 4 H), 3.83 (s, 3 H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 154.8, 154.7, 136.1, 133.8, 132.5, 132.0, 130.5, 129.9, 129.7, 129.7, 128.5, 128.1, 127.9, 127.2, 125.3, 109.8, 29.3. HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd for C19H14N2O: 287.3420; found: 287.3421.
  • 28 Carrër A, Brion J.-D, Messaoudi S, Alami M. Org. Lett. 2013; 15: 5606

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Figure 1 Pharmaceutically active quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives
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Scheme 1 Synthesis of 3-functionalized quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives
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Scheme 2 Synthesis of 3-acetylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives
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Scheme 3 Synthetic approaches to 3-arylquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones
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Scheme 4 Studies reported herein
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Scheme 5 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1 (0.3 mmol), 2a (4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), TBHP (3.0 equiv.), DCE (2 mL), sealed tube.[27]
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Scheme 6 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), 2 (4.0 equiv.), TBAI (0.2 equiv.), TBHP (3.0 equiv.), DCE (2 mL), sealed tube.[27]
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Scheme 7 Substrate scope of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. Reagents and conditions: 1a (0.3 mmol), I2 (0.02 equiv.), TBPB (5.0 equiv.), solvent (2.0 mL), sealed tube.[27]
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Scheme 8 Experiments with added radical inhibitors
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Scheme 9 Plausible reaction mechanism
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Scheme 10 Plausible reaction mechanism