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DOI: 10.1055/a-1289-8809
Serum Levels of Beta-2 Microglobulin in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and its Relationship with Disease Activity: Can it be used as a Disease Activity Marker?
Serum-Beta-2-Mikroglobulin-level bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis und ihre Beziehung zur Krankheitsaktivität: Kann es als Krankheitsaktivitätsmarker verwendet werden?- Abstract
- Zusammenfassung
- Introduction
- Material and Methods
- Ethical considerations
- Results
- Discussion
- References
Abstract
Background Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) is mainly released from activated lymphocytes. Increased serum β2M levels have been shown in autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to analyse the serum levels of β2M in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to evaluate its relationship with disease activity measures.
Material and Methods This cross-sectional study included 137 RA patients, 102 ankylosing spondylitis patients (AS) and 50 healthy controls (HC). To assess the disease activity of RA patients, the 28-joint Disease Activity Score-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (DAS28-ESR), the 28-joint Disease Activity Score-C-Reactive Protein (DAS28-CRP), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) were used. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results Serum β2M levels were significantly higher in RA patients (2.95±1.19 mg/L) compared with HC (2.21±0.54 mg/L) and AS patients (2.200.58 mg/L) (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between β2M levels and DAS28-ESR (rs=0.359, p<0.001), DAS28-CRP (rs=0.293, p=0.001), SDAI (rs=0.332, p<0.001) and CDAI (rs=0.291, p=0.001). Serum β2M levels were higher in the RA group with DAS28-ESR ≥3.2 (3.30±1.42 mg/L) than in the DAS28-ESR <3.2 group (2.67±0.87 mg/L) (p=0.002).
Conclusion Our study revealed that serum β2M levels were higher in RA patients than in healthy controls, and, in contrast to other studies, we found positive correlations between β2M levels and RA disease activity measures.
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Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Beta-2-Mikroglobulin (β2M) wird hauptsächlich aus aktivierten Lymphozyten freigesetzt. Erhöhte Serumlevel von β2M wurden bei Autoimmunerkrankungen nachgewiesen. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Serum β2M-Level bei Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis (RA) zu analysieren und ihren Zusammenhang mit Messungen der Krankheitsaktivität zu bewerten.
Material-Methoden Diese Querschnittsstudie umfasste 137 RA, 102 Patienten mit Morbus Bechterew (MB) und 50 gesunde Kontrollen (GK). Zur Beurteilung der Krankheitsaktivität von RA-Patienten wurden 28 Gelenkaktivitäts-Score Blutsenkungsgeschwindigkeit (DAS28-BSG), 28 Gelenkaktivitäts-Score C-reaktives Protein (DAS28-CRP), vereinfachter Krankheitsaktivitätsindex (SDAI) und klinischer Krankheitsaktivitätsindex (CDAI) verwendet. Ein p-Wert von <0,05 wurde als statistisch signifikant angenommen.
Ergebnisse Die Serum β2M Konzentrationen waren bei RA-Patienten (2,95±1,19 mg/L) signifikant höher als bei GK (2,21±0,54 mg/L) und Spondylitis ankylosans (AS)-Patienten (2,20±0,58 mg/L) (p<0,001). Es bestand eine statistisch signifikante Korrelation zwischen den β2M Werten und DAS28-BSG (rs=0,359, p<0,001), DAS28-CRP (rs=0,293, p=0,001), SDAI (rs=0,332, p<0,001), CDAI (rs=0,291, p=0,001). Die Serum β2M-Levels waren in der RA-Gruppe mit DAS28-ESR≥3.2 (3,30±1,42 mg/L) höher als in der DAS28-ESR<3,2-Gruppe (2,67±0,87 mg/L) (p=0,002).
Diskussion Unsere Studie zeigte, dass die Serum β2M-Levels bei der RA höher als bei gesunden Kontrollen waren. Außerdem fanden wir positive Korrelationen zwischen den β2M-Levels und den Aktivitätswerten der RA im Gegensatz zu anderen Studien.
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Introduction
Rheumatoid arthritis, is a systemic chronic autoimmune disease which is characterized by inflammatory synovitis in peripheral joints [1]. In the pathogenesis of RA, the activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes plays a key role [2]. As a result, organized proinflammatory cytokine secretion managed by T and B lymphocytes has a regulatory role in the pathophysiology of RA [1]. The synovial membranes of RA patients are infiltrated with activated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and mast cells [2] .
Beta-2 microglobulin is a low molecular weight (11 800 Dalton) protein which is synthesized in all nucleated cells including lymphocytes and macrophages and constitutes the light-chain subunit of the class 1 human leucocyte antigen (HLA) [3] [4]. The duty of β2M is to stabilize the major histocompatibility complex-1 (MHC 1) on the cell membrane, to protect the native structure of its heavy chain and also it provides high affinity antigenic peptide bindings [5]. It is found in small amounts in biological fluids such as serum, urine, colostrum, saliva, amniotic fluid and synovial fluid [6] [7]. During the continuous turnover of HLA molecules, β2M gets into the blood by sheding from the cell membrane and forms the serum free β2M [8]. Especially lymphocyte and monocyte surfaces are rich in β2M, and the main sources of serum free β2M are activated T and B lymphocytes [7] [9]. As it is a protein with low molecular weight, it is easily filtered from the glomerular basal membrane in the kidneys, but 99% of the filtered β2M is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules by endocytosis [7] [10]. Serum β2M levels are independent of sex and body mass, but they are mildly higher in the elderly due to the decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [10]. As the main sources of serum β2M are lymphocytes, the serum levels increase in lymphoproliferative and autoimmune diseases where the T and B lymphocyte activity increases [9]. Increased serum β2M levels have been shown in autoimmune diseases [4] [11] [12] [13].
The aim of this study is to investigate the serum β2M levels in rheumatoid arthritis patients and its relationship with disease activity.
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Material and Methods
Patients and Study Design
One hundred and thirty-seven RA, 102 Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and 50 healthy controls (HC) followed in the Rheumatology Department of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine between April 2019 and December 2019 were recruited for this cross-sectional study. RA patients included in the study were diagnosed based on the 2010 American College of Rheumatology- European League against Rheumatism classification criteria and AS patients according to Modified New York Criteria [14] [15]. Patients with lymphoproliferative diseases, cancer, autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases other than RA and AS, acute or chronic infections and patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate, pregnant and breastfeeding patients were excluded from the study. The data collection at baseline included demographic characteristics, symptom duration, the tender and swollen joint count on 28 joints (TJC28, SJC28), the patient’s (Pt-VAS) and physician’s assessment of disease activity on a 0–10 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), comorbidities and treatment features.
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Assessment of Disease Activity
Disease activity assessment for RA patient were performed by Disease Activity Score for 28 joints with Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Disease Activity Score for 28 joints with C-reactive protein (CRP), Simplified Disease Activity Score and Clinical Disease Activity Score [16] [17] [18]. As DAS28-ESR is a widely accepted index for RA studies, we classified RA patients into 2 groups as follows: remission and low disease activity group with DAS28-ESR<3.2 and moderate to high disease activity group with DAS28-ESR≥3.2
In order to evaluate disease activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis patients Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-CRP (ASDAS-CRP) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-ESR (ASDAS-ESR) were used [19] [20] [21].
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Laboratory Analysis
Routine laboratory tests such as complete blood cell count, ESR, CRP, glomerular filtration rate were investigated by using standard laboratory methods. Serum β2M levels were evaluated by turbidimethric method.
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Ethical considerations
The study was approved by Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Board.
Statistical Analysis
The data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS version 21 (SPSS, Chicago,IlI). Categorical data was summarized by frequencies and percentages and quantitative data was given as means±standard deviation (SD) or medians and minimum-maximum based on their distribution. Intergroup differences were evaluated by Mann-Whitney U test. The relationship between parameters were assessed using Spearman rank correlation test. Power analyses were performed using G*Power version 3.0.10 power and sample size calculation. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results
The demographic and clinical data of the RA and AS patients and the healthy controls were summarized in [Table 1]. There was a significant age difference among the 3 groups (p<0.001). There was no significant sex difference between RA and HC (p=0.169). Serum β2M levels were significantly higher in RA patients (2.95±1.19 mg/L) when compared to both AS (2.20±0.58 mg/L) and HC (2.21±0.54) (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However, there was no statistically significant difference in serum β2M levels between AS and healthy controls (p=1.000).
RA |
AS |
Healthy Control |
p |
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, male, n (%) |
28 (20.4) |
65 (63.7) |
15 (30.0) |
<0.001 |
Age, years, mean (±SD) |
55.1±11.2 |
43.4±11.9 |
49.8±12.2 |
<0.001 |
Diagnosis duration, median (min-max) |
9 (0.1–444) |
84 (1–240) |
– |
– |
RF positivity, n (%) |
84 (61.31) |
|||
ACPA positivity, n (%) |
76 (55.47) |
|||
TJC, median (min-max) |
1 (0–20) |
|||
SJC, median (min-max) |
0 (0–10) |
|||
Comorbidities, n (%) |
||||
Hypertension |
36 (26.28) |
|||
Diabetes mellitus |
17 (12.41) |
|||
Hyperlipidemia |
2 (1.46) |
|||
Hypothyroidism |
11 (8.03) |
|||
Coronary Artery Disease |
3 (2.19) |
|||
Asthma |
5 (3.65) |
|||
Atrial fibrillation |
1 (0.72) |
|||
Benign prostate hyperplasia |
3 (2.19) |
|||
Treatment, n (%) |
||||
Corticosteroid |
55 (40.14) |
|||
Hydroxychloroquine |
66 (48.18) |
|||
Methotrexate |
65 (47.44) |
|||
Leflunomide |
38 (27.74) |
|||
Sulfasalazine |
27 (19.71) |
|||
TNF-inhibitors |
11 (8.03) |
|||
Tocilizumab |
10 (7.29) |
|||
Rituximab |
22 (16.06) |
|||
Tofacitinib |
6 (4.38) |
|||
Abatacept |
5 (3.65) |
|||
Disease Activity |
||||
DAS28-ESR, mean (±SD) |
3.32 (±1.23) |
|||
DAS28-CRP,mean (±SD) |
3.62 (±1.42) |
|||
SDAI, mean (±SD) |
22.92 (±25.69) |
|||
CDAI, mean (±SD) |
9.85 (±7.40) |
|||
BASDAI |
2.60±1.92 |
|||
BASFI |
2.09±1.56 |
|||
ASDAS-CRP |
2.25±2.58 |
|||
ASDAS-ESR |
1.72±0.93 |
|||
PtVAS (0–10mm) |
3.26 (±2.08) |
3.44±2.74 |
||
Laboratory features |
||||
ESR, mm/h, median (min-max) |
21 (3–95) |
8 (1–87) |
11 (2–34) |
<0.001 |
CRP, mg/L, median (min-max) |
5.9 (0.1–217.0) |
4.2 (0.0–144.8) |
2.5 (0.1–25.2) |
<0.001 |
White blood cell, x10 9/L, median (min-max) |
7620 (2270–22930) |
8515 (3980–14740) |
6865 (4410–11470) |
0.003 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (min-max) |
12.6±1.5 |
14.4±1.6 |
14.1±1.7 |
<0.001 |
Platelet, x10 9/L, median (min-max) |
282 (120–607) |
291 (158–754) |
277 (168–483) |
0.540 |
Beta-2 microglobulin, mg/L, median (min-max) |
2.95±1.19 |
2.20±0.58 |
2.21±0.54 |
<0.001 |
ACPA: Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, CRP: C-reactive protein, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, PtVAS: Patient-Visual Analogue Scale, RF: Rheumatoid factor, SD: Standard deviation, SJC: Swollen joint count, TJC: Tender joint count.
The RA patients were classified into 2 groups according to their disease activity based on DAS28-ESR. The serum β2M levels in the moderate to high disease activity group (DAS-28≥3.2) were significantly higher than remission and low disease activity group with DAS28-ESR<3.2 (p=0.002) ([Table 2]) ([Fig. 1]). Likewise, the ESR and CRP levels in the DAS28-ESR≥3.2 group were significantly higher than the DAS28-ESR<3.2 group (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). The hemoglobin level, on the other hand, was significantly lower in the DAS28-ESR≥3.2 group (p<0.001) ([Table 2]).
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/rheuma/202103/thumbnails/10-1055-a-1289-8809-i2020-09-0671-0001.jpg)
![Zoom Image](/products/assets/desktop/css/img/icon-figure-zoom.png)
DAS28-ESR<3.2 (n=75) |
DAS28-ESR≥3.2 (n=62) |
p |
|
---|---|---|---|
Age, years, mean (±SD) |
54.0±11.5 |
56.4±10.8 |
0.205 |
Sex, male, n (%) |
19 (25.3) |
9 (14.5) |
0.118 |
Disease Duration, median (min-max) |
9.5 (0.1–444.0) |
8.5 (0.5–156.0) |
0.608 |
RF positivity, n(%) |
44 (58.7) |
42 (67.7) |
0.274 |
ACPA positivity, n(%) |
48 (64.0) |
42 (67.7) |
0.646 |
ESR, mm/h, median, (min-max) |
14 (3–50) |
27 (8–95) |
<0.001 |
CRP, mg/L, median, (min-max) |
3.9 (0.1–217.0) |
10.5 (0.7–158.9) |
<0.001 |
White blood cell, × 10 9/L, median (min-max) |
7030 (3100–22930) |
8075 (2270–20720) |
0.215 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (min-max) |
13.0±1.4 |
12.1±1.4 |
<0.001 |
Platelet, × 10 9/L, median (min-max) |
276 (134–530) |
296 (120–607) |
0.057 |
Beta-2 microglobulin, mg/L, mean (SD) |
2.67±0.87 |
3.30±1.42 |
0.002 |
ACPA: Anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies, CRP: C-reactive protein, ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, RF: Rheumatoid factor, SD: Standard deviation.
There were positive correlations between serum β2M levels and DAS28-ESR (rs,0.359; p<0.001), DAS28-CRP (rs, 0.293; p=0.001), SDAI (rs, 0.332; p<0.001) and CDAI (rs, 0.291; p=0.001) ([Fig. 2]). Even though there was no correlation between TJC28 and serum β2M (rs, 3.131; p=0.334), there was statistically significant positive correlations between serum β2M and SJC28 (rs, 0.348;p=0.009), ESR (rs, 0.430; p<0.001) and CRP (rs, 0.246; p=0.004) ([Table 3])
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/rheuma/202103/thumbnails/10-1055-a-1289-8809-i2020-09-0671-0002.jpg)
![Zoom Image](/products/assets/desktop/css/img/icon-figure-zoom.png)
Beta-2 microglobulin |
||
---|---|---|
DAS28-ESR |
rs |
0.359 |
p |
<0.001 |
|
DAS28-CRP |
rs |
0.293 |
P |
0.001 |
|
TJC28 |
rs |
0.131 |
P |
0.334 |
|
SJC28 |
rs |
0.348 |
P |
0.009 |
|
ESR |
rs |
0.430 |
P |
<0.001 |
|
CRP |
rs |
0.246 |
p |
0.004 |
|
SDAI |
rs |
0.332 |
p |
<0.001 |
|
CDAI |
rs |
0.291 |
p |
0.001 |
No correlations were observed between serum β2M levels and disease activity indices of AS such as ASDAS-CRP, ASDAS-ESR, BASDAI and BASFI. ([Table 4]) However, there were statistically significant positive correlations between serum β2MG levels and ESR (rs,0.277; p=0.006) and CRP (rs,0.297; p=0.003).
Beta-2 microglobulin |
||
---|---|---|
ASDAS-CRP |
rs |
0.050 |
p |
0.622 |
|
ASDAS-ESR |
rs |
0.070 |
p |
0.492 |
|
BASDAI |
rs |
-0.013 |
p |
0.895 |
|
BASFI |
rs |
−0.081 |
p |
0.491 |
|
CRP |
rs |
0.297 |
p |
0.003 |
|
ESR |
rs |
0.277 |
p |
0.006 |
Elevated β2M levels were found in 76.3% of RA patients with ≥1 swollen joint count whereas elevated β2M levels were found in 51.5% of RA patients without any swollen joint (p=0.008). When the elevated CRP levels were compared, 68.4% of RA patients with ≥1 swollen joint had elevated CRP levels and 49% of RA patients without any swollen joint had elevated CRP levels (p=0.041) ([Table 5]).
Swollen joint count<1 (n=99) |
Swollen joint count ≥1 (n=38) |
p value |
|
---|---|---|---|
Elevated Beta-2 microglobulin, n(%) |
51 (51.5) |
29 (76.3) |
0.008 |
Elevated C-reactive protein, n(%) |
48 (49) |
26 (68.4) |
0.041 |
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Discussion
Since it was isolated from the urine of patients with renal tubular dysfunction in 1968 by Berggard and Bearn, β2M has been a subject to several studies [22]. As most of the free β2M in the circulation is excreted by glomerular filtration, it may be used for measuring the GFR [23]. While the main source of serum free β2M is lymphocytes; an increase in the serum levels may be related either to renal dysfunction or to lymphocyte activation in lymphoproliferative or autoimmune diseases in patients with normal renal function [4] [24]. In a study with 100 SLE patients, the serum β2M levels were found significantly higher in SLE patients when compared to the healthy control group (p<0.001), and it was shown that there is a significant correlation between serum β2M levels and SLE activity indices such as anti-dsDNA, complement and hemoglobin levels and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity index (SLEDAI) [9]. In a study conducted by Aghdashi et al. with 50 SLE patients, the serum β2M levels were found to be significantly higher than healthy controls and were related to SLE disease activity (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) [24]. In a similar study by Zychowska et al. with 69 SLE patients, it was shown that serum β2M levels correlated with SLEDAI, complement 4 levels and anti-dsDNA titers [25]. In a multicentric study carried out by Gottenberg et al. with primary Sjögren’s syndrome patients at 15 centers, it was demonstrated that increased β2M levels were associated with increased EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index (p<0.001) [26]. A study conducted with 192 Sjögren’s syndrome patients, it was shown that the unstimulated whole salivary β2M levels in both primary and secondary Sjögren’s syndrome patients were significantly higher than both the healthy control group and the non-Sjögren sicca symptom group [27].
On the one hand, studies demonstrating increased serum β2M levels in autoimmune diseases and positively correlated with disease activity indices have been popular in recent years. On the other hand, there are a few studies in the literature evaluating the relationship between RA and serum β2M levels which were conducted almost 3 decades ago. For this reason, in this study, we aimed to analyze the serum β2M levels in RA patients and its correlation with disease activity indices. Our study included a total of 137 RA patients. Even though, there was a significant age difference between 3 study groups; as serum β2M levels do not vary according to age or sex as long as GFR is within normal range, the differences among the groups were not assumed to be significant. In similarity to the few previous studies with RA patients, we found significantly higher serum β2M levels in RA patients in comparison to the healthy control group. As far as we know, the first study on RA patients was conducted in 1975 and reported that β2M levels in the synovial fluid specimens collected from ten active RA patients, 11 non-RA inflammatory arthritis and 8 degenerative arthritis patients were significantly higher in RA patients when compared to the other 2 groups (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively) [28]. In 1978, Manicourt et al. examined the β2M levels in the plasma and 24-hour urine of 21 RA patients and showed that the plasma β2M levels were at the upper limit of normal in more than 50%, and the urine β2M levels were at the upper limit of normal in the 30% of the patients [29]. In the study carried out in 1980 by Sjöblom et al. with 135 RA patients, the plasma β2M concentration was found to be high in 33% of the patients [30]. A study in 1981 with 20 healthy control and 44 RA patients found significantly increased serum β2M levels in RA patients [3]. In 1989, in a study including 57 active RA patients, the mean β2M levels in both serum and synovial fluids of RA patients were found to be significantly high, but the synovial fluid β2M levels were found to be higher than the serum levels in 76% of the patients [31]. While β2M is expressed at a certain level in most cells, its expression is stimulated especially in the presence of interferon-α (IFN-α) [32]. Increased β2M induces interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and IL-10 expressions and coordinates the relationship between cytokines and receptors [6] [33] [34]. It is believed that IFN-α may have a role in the pathogenesis of RA. Increased IFN-α levels were shown in the synovial tissues and peripheral circulation of RA patients [35] [36].
In this study, in difference to previous studies, DAS28-ESR, DAS28-CRP, SDAI and CDAI were used to assess RA disease activity. We found a significant positive correlation between the serum β2M levels and these 4 indices. In the subgroup analysis, the RA patients were divided into 2 groups based on their disease activities according to DAS28-ESR. The serum β2M levels in the group with moderate and high disease activity with DAS28-ESR ≥3.2 (n=62) were significantly higher than the group with remission and low disease activity group with DAS28-ESR<3.2 (n=75). The serum ESR and CRP levels were also found to be significantly higher in the DAS28-ESR ≥3.2 group. This result shows that serum β2M levels are related to disease activity. In contrast to previous studies, in our study we found a significant positive correlation between the serum β2M levels and ESR and CRP levels. Manicourt et al found no correlation between β2M and ESR [29]. Sjöblom et al found a weak relationship between β2M levels and other markers of joint inflammation [30]. In the study of Latt et al, no correlation was found between serum and urine β2M levels and ESR and lymphocyte counts [3]. On the other hand, similar to our study, in more recent studies conducted with autoimmune diseases other than RA, positive correlations between serum β2M levels and disease activity indices were found [9] [26]. In a study by Aygündüz et al. with 43 Behçet syndrome patients, it was also shown that the serum β2M levels of the active patients were higher than those of the inactive patients and the healthy control group [4]. This difference could be explained by the largest number of RA patients included in our study and nowadays, laboratory measurements are more sensitive than approximately 30 years ago. Furthermore, in our study, we used RA disease activity indices that are frequently used in recent years and are more sensitive to assess disease activity, thus, we believe that our results are more reliable in reflecting disease activity in comparison to previous studies. In this study, we also found a significant relationship between the β2M levels and SJC, but we could not find the same relationship with TJC. This may be due to TJC being a more subjective finding depending on the patient’s perception of pain, but SJC is more reliable in showing synovial inflammation.
In our study, we also compared serum β2M levels of the RA patients with 102 AS patients. Accordingly, the β2M levels of RA patients were found to be significantly higher than in AS patients. There was no significant difference between serum β2M levels of AS patients and healthy controls. In this study, the disease activity of AS patients were also assessed by BASDAI, BASFI, ASDAS-CRP and ASDAS-ESR, and the correlations between these scores and serum β2M levels were examined. Consequently, no significant correlation was found between the serum β2M levels and BASDAI, BASFI, ASDAS-CRP and ASDAS-ESR. Nevertheless, as found in RA patients, there was a statistically significant correlation between β2M and ESR and CRP in AS patients. The results we found in AS patients were similar to previous studies in the literature. In a study by Wendling et al. with 28 AS patients, the serum β2M levels of the patients were found to be within normal limits, and no relationship was found between β2M levels and other inflammation markers [37]. In a study by Kepekçi et al. with 20 AS patients, the serum β2M levels were also found to be not significantly different than the control group, and its relationship with serum ESR, CRP and fibrinogen levels could not be demonstrated [38]. Beersma et al. found the serum β2M levels in HLA-B27 (+) acute anterior uveitis patients in normal limits and reported that the presence of concomitant AS did not change the result [39].
Our study had some limitations. First of all, this was a cross-sectional study. Prospective studies analyzing the changes in the serum β2M levels of RA patients after treatment will be useful to clarify the relationship between serum β2M levels and RA.
To sum up, in this study it was found that serum β2M levels increase in RA patients and are correlated with disease activity. As measuring β2M is easy, fast and reliable, in patients without underlying renal or lymphoproliferative diseases, serum β2M can be used as a disease activity marker in RA patients.
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Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- 9 Kim HA, Jeon JY, Yoon JM. et al. Beta2-microglobulin can be a disease activity marker in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Medical Sciences 2010; 339: 337-340
- 10 Wibell LB. β2-microglobulin in patients and normal subjects. Acta Clinica Belgica 1976; 31 (suppl8) 14-26
- 11 Evrin PE, Strom T. Beta 2-microglobulin and its binding activity in serum from patients with SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 1984; 43: 267-274
- 12 Strom T, Evrin PE, Karlsson A. Serum beta 2-microlgobulin in Sjögren’s syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 1978; 7: 97-100
- 13 Zissis M, Afraoudakis A, Galanopoulos G. et al. B2 microglobulin: Is it a reliable marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease?. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001; 7: 247-68.
- 14 Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ. et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 2569-2581
- 15 Van der Linden S, Vanlkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of Diagnostic criteria for Ankylosing Spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 27: 361-368
- 16 van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA. et al. Development and validation of the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International League Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 34-40
- 17 Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T. et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7: R796-R806
- 18 Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH. et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 244-257
- 19 Garret S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG. et al. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis. The Bath Ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2286-2291
- 20 Calin A, Garret S, Whitelock H. et al. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2281-2285
- 21 Lukas C, Landewé R, Sieper J. et al. Development of an ASAS-endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 18-24
- 22 Berggard I, Bearn AG. Isolation and properties of a low molecular weight β2-globulin occuring in human biological fluids. J Biol Chem 1968; 243: 4095-4103
- 23 You L, Xie R, Haijuan H. et al. High levels of serum β-2microglobulin predict severity of coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017; 17: 71
- 24 Aghdashi M, Salami S, Nezhadisalami A. Evaluation of the serum β2 microglobulin level in patients with systemic lupus erthematosus and its correlation with disease activity. BioMedicine 2019; 9: 6-11
- 25 Zychowska I, Suszek D, Dryglewska M. et al. Β2-microglobulin as a marker of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018; 27: 379-382
- 26 Gottenberg JE, Seror R, Miceli-Richard C. et al. Serum levels of beta-2 microglobulin and free light chains of immunoglobulins are associated with systemic disease activity in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Data at enrollment in the prospective ASSESS Cohort. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e59868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059868.
- 27 Riega-Torres J, Delgado- Garcia G, Salas-Alanis JC. et al. Beta-2 microglobulin in whole unstimulated saliva can effectivrly distinguish between sjögren’s syndrome and non-autoimmune Sicca symptoms. Arch Rheumatol 2017; 32: 284-289
- 28 Talal N, Grey HM, Zivaifler N. et al. Elevated salivary and sinovial fluid B2-microglobulin in Sjögren’s syndrom and rheumatoid arthritis. Scince 1975; 187: 1196-1198
- 29 Manicort D, Brauman H, Orloff S. Plasma and urinary levels of β2 microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1978; 37: 328-332
- 30 Sjöblom KG, SAxne T, Wollheim FA. Plasma levels of β2-microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1980; 39: 333-339
- 31 Walters MT, Stevenson FK, Goswami R. et al. Comparison of serum and synovil fluid concentrations of β2-microglobulin and C reactive protein in relation to clinical disease activity and synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 905-911
- 32 Shi C, Zhu Y, Su Y. et al. Beta-2 microglobulin: Emerging as a promising cancer therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14: 25-30
- 33 Balint E, Sprague SM. Beta (2)-microglobulin and bone cell metabolism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1108-1111
- 34 Tsai CY, Wu TH, Yu CL. et al. Increased excretions of beta2-microglobulin, IL-6, and IL-8 and decreased excretion of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in urine of patients with active lupus nephritis. Nephron 200 85: 207-214
- 35 Olsen N, Sokka T, Seehorn CL. et al. A gene expression signature for recent onset rheumatoid arthritis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2004; 63: 1387-1392
- 36 Mavragani CP, La DT, Stohl W. et al. Association of the response to tumor necrosis factor antagonists with plasma type I interferon activity and interferon-beta/alpha ratios in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a post hoc analysis of a predominantly Hispanic cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 392-401
- 37 Wendling D, Mas J, Chatelain F. et al. Serum beta 2-microglobulin and ankylosing spondylitis. Rev Rhum Mal OSteoartic 1989; 56: 441-443
- 38 Kepekçi Y, Boğa C, Başlamışlı F. et al. Ankilozan Spondilitli olgularda serum beta-2 microglobulin düzeyleri ve hastalık aktivitesi ilişkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 1992; 3: 155-161
- 39 Beersma MF, Derhaag PJ, Feltkamp TE. Serum levels of beta 2-miroglobulin in HLA-B27+ patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1990; 87: 104-107
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Publication History
Article published online:
19 November 2020
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References
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- 4 Aygündüz M, Bavbek N. Öztürk. et al. Serum beta 2-microglobulin reflects disease activity in Behçet’s disease. Rheumatol Int 2002; 22: 5-8
- 5 Ribaudo RK, Margulies DH. Independent and synergistic effects of disulfide bond formation, beta-2 microglobulin and peptides on class1 MHC folding and assembly in an in vitro translation system. J Immunol. 1192. 149-2935-2944
- 6 Li L, Dong M, Wang X-G. The implication and significance of beta 2 microglobulin: A conservative multifunctional regulator. Chinese Medical Journal 2016; 129: 448-455
- 7 Bethea M, Forman DT. Beta-2 Microglobulin- An immunogenetic marker of inflammatory and malignant origin. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science 1982; 12: 447-452
- 8 Leffers HCB, Hermansen ML, Sandholt B. et al. Plasma levels of β2-microglobulin are associated with atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional cohort study. Lupus. 2018; 27: 1517-1523
- 9 Kim HA, Jeon JY, Yoon JM. et al. Beta2-microglobulin can be a disease activity marker in systemic lupus erythematosus. American Journal of Medical Sciences 2010; 339: 337-340
- 10 Wibell LB. β2-microglobulin in patients and normal subjects. Acta Clinica Belgica 1976; 31 (suppl8) 14-26
- 11 Evrin PE, Strom T. Beta 2-microglobulin and its binding activity in serum from patients with SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 1984; 43: 267-274
- 12 Strom T, Evrin PE, Karlsson A. Serum beta 2-microlgobulin in Sjögren’s syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol 1978; 7: 97-100
- 13 Zissis M, Afraoudakis A, Galanopoulos G. et al. B2 microglobulin: Is it a reliable marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease?. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001; 7: 247-68.
- 14 Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ. et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 2569-2581
- 15 Van der Linden S, Vanlkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of Diagnostic criteria for Ankylosing Spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1985; 27: 361-368
- 16 van Gestel AM, Prevoo ML, van't Hof MA. et al. Development and validation of the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International League Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 34-40
- 17 Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T. et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7: R796-R806
- 18 Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH. et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42: 244-257
- 19 Garret S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG. et al. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis. The Bath Ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2286-2291
- 20 Calin A, Garret S, Whitelock H. et al. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 2281-2285
- 21 Lukas C, Landewé R, Sieper J. et al. Development of an ASAS-endorsed disease activity score (ASDAS) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 18-24
- 22 Berggard I, Bearn AG. Isolation and properties of a low molecular weight β2-globulin occuring in human biological fluids. J Biol Chem 1968; 243: 4095-4103
- 23 You L, Xie R, Haijuan H. et al. High levels of serum β-2microglobulin predict severity of coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017; 17: 71
- 24 Aghdashi M, Salami S, Nezhadisalami A. Evaluation of the serum β2 microglobulin level in patients with systemic lupus erthematosus and its correlation with disease activity. BioMedicine 2019; 9: 6-11
- 25 Zychowska I, Suszek D, Dryglewska M. et al. Β2-microglobulin as a marker of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Adv Clin Exp Med 2018; 27: 379-382
- 26 Gottenberg JE, Seror R, Miceli-Richard C. et al. Serum levels of beta-2 microglobulin and free light chains of immunoglobulins are associated with systemic disease activity in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Data at enrollment in the prospective ASSESS Cohort. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e59868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059868.
- 27 Riega-Torres J, Delgado- Garcia G, Salas-Alanis JC. et al. Beta-2 microglobulin in whole unstimulated saliva can effectivrly distinguish between sjögren’s syndrome and non-autoimmune Sicca symptoms. Arch Rheumatol 2017; 32: 284-289
- 28 Talal N, Grey HM, Zivaifler N. et al. Elevated salivary and sinovial fluid B2-microglobulin in Sjögren’s syndrom and rheumatoid arthritis. Scince 1975; 187: 1196-1198
- 29 Manicort D, Brauman H, Orloff S. Plasma and urinary levels of β2 microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1978; 37: 328-332
- 30 Sjöblom KG, SAxne T, Wollheim FA. Plasma levels of β2-microglobulin in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1980; 39: 333-339
- 31 Walters MT, Stevenson FK, Goswami R. et al. Comparison of serum and synovil fluid concentrations of β2-microglobulin and C reactive protein in relation to clinical disease activity and synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1989; 48: 905-911
- 32 Shi C, Zhu Y, Su Y. et al. Beta-2 microglobulin: Emerging as a promising cancer therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14: 25-30
- 33 Balint E, Sprague SM. Beta (2)-microglobulin and bone cell metabolism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1108-1111
- 34 Tsai CY, Wu TH, Yu CL. et al. Increased excretions of beta2-microglobulin, IL-6, and IL-8 and decreased excretion of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in urine of patients with active lupus nephritis. Nephron 200 85: 207-214
- 35 Olsen N, Sokka T, Seehorn CL. et al. A gene expression signature for recent onset rheumatoid arthritis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2004; 63: 1387-1392
- 36 Mavragani CP, La DT, Stohl W. et al. Association of the response to tumor necrosis factor antagonists with plasma type I interferon activity and interferon-beta/alpha ratios in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a post hoc analysis of a predominantly Hispanic cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 392-401
- 37 Wendling D, Mas J, Chatelain F. et al. Serum beta 2-microglobulin and ankylosing spondylitis. Rev Rhum Mal OSteoartic 1989; 56: 441-443
- 38 Kepekçi Y, Boğa C, Başlamışlı F. et al. Ankilozan Spondilitli olgularda serum beta-2 microglobulin düzeyleri ve hastalık aktivitesi ilişkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 1992; 3: 155-161
- 39 Beersma MF, Derhaag PJ, Feltkamp TE. Serum levels of beta 2-miroglobulin in HLA-B27+ patients with acute anterior uveitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1990; 87: 104-107
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