Intergenerationale Weitergabe von Traumata

Wenn ein nahestehender Mensch ein Trauma erlebt, ist dies auch für Angehörige oft schwer zu ertragen. Durch den ständigen Kontakt mit der posttraumatischen Symptomatik können sich psychische Symptome entwickeln, die jenen der Betroffenen selbst sehr ähnlich sind: Alpträume, erhöhte Wachsamkeit, sowie Vermeidung von Trigger, die Erinnerungen an das Trauma wachrufen. Ein Überblick anhand einer Studie zu den Langzeitfolgen von Kriegsgefangenschaft.

• Literatur

• 1 Figley CR. Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. In: Stamm BH. (Hrsg.) Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators. Baltimore, MD: The Sidran Press; 1995: 3-28
• 2 van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Sagi-Schwartz A. Are children of Holocaust survivors less well-adapted? A meta-analytic investigation of secondary traumatization. J Trauma Stress 2003; 16: 459-469
• 3 Lambert JE, Engh R, Hasbun A. et al. Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on the relationship quality and psychological distress of intimate partners: A meta-analytic review. J Fam Psychol 2012; 26: 729-737
• 4 Solomon Z, Horesh D, Ein-Dor T. et al. Predictors of PTSD trajectories following captivity: A 35-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Res 2012; 199: 188-194
• 5 Stein JY, Aloni R, Crompton L. et al. Intergenerational aftermath of war captivity: When children bear their fathers’ traumatic past. In: Hoven C, Tyano S, Amsel L. (Hrsg.) Children’s Mental Health Needs after Major Disasters, an International Perspective. New York, NY: Springer;
• 6 Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB. A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol 1979; 52: 1-10
• 7 Herman JL. Trauma and recovery. New York, N.Y.: Basic books; 1992
• 8 Wiseman H, Barber JP, Raz A. et al. Parental communication of Holocaust experiences and interpersonal patterns in offspring of Holocaust survivors. Int J Behav Dev 2002; 26: 371-381
• 9 Dalgaard NT, Montgomery E. Disclosure and silencing: A systematic review of the literature on patterns of trauma communication in refugee families. Transcult Psychiatry 2015; 52: 579-593
• 10 Janoff-Bulman R. Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Soc Cogn 1989; 7: 113-136
• 11 Grotevant HD, Cooper CR. Individuation in family relationships. Hum Dev 1986; 29: 82-100
• 12 Solomon Z, Dekel R, Zerach G. The relationships between posttraumatic stress symptom clusters and marital intimacy among war veterans. J Fam Psychol 2008; 22: 659-666
• 13 Rosenheck R, Fontana A. Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans. J Trauma Stress 1998; 11: 731-742
• 14 Zerach G, Aloni R. Secondary traumatization among former prisoners of wars’ adult children: The mediating role of parental bonding. Anxiety Stress Coping 2015; 28: 162-178
• 15 Yehuda R, Engel SM, Brand SR. et al. Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 4115-4118
• 16 Yehuda R, Teicher MH, Seckl JR. et al. Parental posttraumatic stress disorder as a vulnerability factor for low cortisol trait in offspring of Holocaust survivors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007; 64: 1040-1048
• 17 Nicolai S, Zerach G, Solomon Z. The roles of fathers’ posttraumatic stress symptoms and adult offspring’ s differentiation of the self in the intergenerational transmission of captivity trauma. J Clin Psychol 2016; 73: 848-863
• 18 Bachem R, Levin Y, Zerach G. et al. A systemic approach to intergenerational transmission of trauma: The role of parental posttraumatic stress, marital adjustment, and dyadic self-disclosure. J Marital Fam Ther 2017; 44: 543-555
• 19 Levin Y, Bachem R, Solomon Z. Traumatization, marital adjustment, and parenting among veterans and their spouses: A longitudinal study of reciprocal relations. Fam Process 2017; 56: 926-942