Download PDF
Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012; 16(02): 246-258
DOI: 10.7162/S1809-97772012000200015
Review Article
Thieme Publicações Ltda Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Audition and exhibition to toluene - a contribution for the theme

Audição e exposição ao tolueno - uma contribuição para o tema
Lívia Sanches Calvi Augusto
1   Master. Occupational and Speech Clinic. Master of Integrated Management of Occupational Health and Environment - Senac University Center.
,
Luiz Alexandre Kulay
2   PhD. Chemical Engineer. Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering - Polytechnic University of São Paulo (EPUSP). Research Group Pollution Prevention - GP2 Department of Chemical Engineering - EPUSP.
,
Eloisa Sartori Franco
3   PhD. Speech. PhD in “Health of Children and Adolescents” - Department of Pediatrics - FCM / UNICAMP, Professor of Speech Pathology, Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP.
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

11 August 2010

05 February 2011

Publication Date:
05 December 2013 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Introduction: With the technological advances and the changes in the productive processes, the workers are displayed the different physical and chemical agents in its labor environment. The toluene is solvent an organic gift in glues, inks, oils, amongst others.

Objective: To compare solvent the literary findings that evidence that diligent displayed simultaneously the noise and they have greater probability to develop an auditory loss of peripheral origin.

Method: Revision of literature regarding the occupational auditory loss in displayed workers the noise and toluene.

Results: The isolated exposition to the toluene also can unchain an alteration of the auditory thresholds. These audiometric findings, for ototoxicity the exposition to the toluene, present similar audiograms to the one for exposition to the noise, what it becomes difficult to differentiate a audiometric result of agreed exposition - noise and toluene - and exposition only to the noise.

Conclusion: The majority of the studies was projected to generate hypotheses and would have to be considered as preliminary steps of an additional research. Until today the agents in the environment of work and its effect they have been studied in isolated way and the limits of tolerance of these, do not consider the agreed expositions. Considering that the workers are displayed the multiples agent and that the auditory loss is irreversible, the implemented tests must be more complete and all the workers must be part of the program of auditory prevention exactly displayed the low doses of the recommended limit of exposition.

Resumo

Introdução: Com os avanços tecnológicos e as mudanças nos processos produtivos, os trabalhadores estão expostos a diferentes agentes físicos e químicos em seu ambiente laboral. O tolueno é um solvente orgânico presente em colas, tintas, óleos, dentre outros.

Objetivo: Comparar os achados literários que evidenciam que trabalhadores expostos simultaneamente a ruído e solventes têm maior probabilidade de desenvolverem uma perda auditiva de origem periférica.

Método: Revisão de literatura a respeito da perda auditiva ocupacional em trabalhadores expostos a ruído e tolueno.

Resultados: A exposição isolada ao tolueno também pode desencadear uma alteração dos limiares auditivos. Estes achados audiométricos, por ototoxicidade a exposição ao tolueno, apresentam audiogramas semelhantes ao por exposição ao ruído, o que torna dificultoso diferenciar um resultado audiométrico de exposição combinada - ruído e tolueno - e exposição apenas ao ruído.

Conclusão: A maioria dos estudos foi projetado para gerar hipóteses e deveria ser considerado como passos preliminares de uma pesquisa adicional. Até hoje os agentes no ambiente de trabalho e seus efeitos têm sido estudados de maneira isolada e os limites de tolerância destes, não consideram as exposições combinadas. Considerando que os trabalhadores estão expostos a múltiplos agentes e que a perda auditiva é irreversível, os testes implementados devem ser mais completos e todos os trabalhadores devem fazer parte do programa de prevenção auditiva, mesmo expostos a baixas doses do limite de exposição recomendado.

Keywords

noise - occupational - toluene - hearing loss - noise-induced - workers

Palavras-chave

ruído ocupacional - tolueno - perda auditiva provocada por ruído - trabalhadores
 

  • Bibliographic References

  • 1 Lacerda A, Leroux T, Morata T. Efeitos ototóxicos da exposição ao monóxido de carbono: uma revisão. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica 2005; 17 (3) 403-12
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Steffen V. Ambiente de trabalho: um local de risco. First Pan-American/Iberian Meeting on Acoustics. 2002.
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Sullivan JB, Vanert M. Alkybenzene solvents and aromatic compounds. In: Sullivan JB, Krieger GR. Hazardous materials toxicology clinical principles of environmental health. Baltimore: 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Beving H, Tornling G, Olsson P. Increased erythrocyte volume in car repair painters and car mechanics. Br J Ind Med 1999; 48: 499-501
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Buzio L, Tondel M, De Palma G, Buzio C, Franchini I, Mutti A, Axelson O. Occupational risk factors for renal cell cancer: An Italian case-control study. Med Lav 2002; 93: 303-09
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Moen BE, Hollund BE. Exposure to organic solvents among car painters in Bergen, Norway. Ann Occu Hyg 2000; 44: 185-189
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Baelum J, Andersen I, Millhave L. Acute and subacute symptoms among workers in the printing industry. Br J Ind Med 1982; 39: 70-75
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Wang JD, Chen JD. Acute and chronic neurological symptoms among paint workers exposed to mixtures of organic solvents. Environ Res 1993; 61: 107-16
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Cranmer JM, Goldenberg M. Proceedings of the workshop on neurobehavioral effects of solvents. NeuroToxicology 1986; 7 (3) 45-54
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Santos Junior EA, Buschinelli JTP, Della Rosa HV, Salgado PET, Colacioppo S, Mendes R. Condições de Risco de Natureza Química. In: Mendes Patologia do trabalho. Rio de Janeiro: Atheneu; 2003. , p. 325–514
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Oga S. Fundamentos de Toxicologia. 2° edição. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Morata TC, Nylén PR, Johnson AC, Dunn DE. Auditory and vestibular functions after single or combined exposure to toluene: a review. Archives of Toxicology 1995; 69: 413-43
    Google Scholar
  • 13 NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). Hearing loss research at NIOSH: Reviews of research programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006.
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Eu. Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise). Official Journal L 042, 2003.
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Gagnaire F, Langlais C. Relative ototoxicity of 21 aromatic solvents. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79 (6) 346-354
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Morata TC. Epidemiological study of the effects of exposure to noise and and organic solvents on workers hearing and balance. Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati 1990;
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Morata TC, Dunn DE, Kretschmer LW, Lemasters GK, Keith RW. Effects of occupational exposure to organic solvents and noise on hearing. Scand. J. Work Environ Health 1993; 19 (4) 245-54
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Abbate C, Giorgianni C, Munao F, Brecciaroli R. Neurotoxicity induced by exposure to toluene. An electrophysiologic study. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 1993; 64 (6) 389-392
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Souza MT. Efeitos auditivos provocados pela interação entre ruído e solventes - uma abordagem preventiva em audiologia voltada à saúde do trabalhador. São Paulo, 1994. (Tese de Mestrado - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo).
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Rebert CS, Schwartz RW, Svendsgaard DJ, Pryor GT, Boyes WK. Combined effects of paired solvents on the rat's auditory system. Toxicology 1995; 105 (2–3): 345-354
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Nylen P, Hagman M, Johnson AC. Function of the auditory system, the visual system, and peripheral nerve and longterm combined exposure to toluene and ethanol in rats. Pharmacol. Toxicol 1995; 76 (2) 107-111
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Campo P, Lataye R, Cossec B, Placidi V. Toluene induced hearing loss: a mid-frequency location of the cochlear lesions. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1996; 19 (2) 129-140
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Lataye R, Campo P. Combined effects of a simultaneous exposure to noise and toluene on hearing function. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1997; 19 (5) 373-382
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Morata TC, Dunn DE, Sieber WK. Perda auditiva e a exposição ocupacional a agentes ototóxicos. In: Nudelmann AA, Costa EA, Seligman J, Ibañez RN. PAIR: perda auditiva induzida por ruído. Porto Alegre: Bagaggem Comunicação; 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Campo P, Lataye RE, Loquet G. Toluene and Styrene - induced hearing loss: a comparative study. In: Cochlear pharmacology and noise trauma. London: Noise Research Network Publications; 1998. , p. 113–128
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Lataye R, Campo P, Loquet G. Toluene ototoxicity in rats: assessment of the frequency of hearing deficit by electrocochleography. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1999; 21 (3) 267-276
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Bernardi APA. Trabalhadores expostos simultaneamente a ruído e tolueno: estudo das emissões otoacústicas evocadas transitórias e efeito de supressão. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Morioka I, Miyai N, Yamamoto H, Miyashita K. Evaluation of combined effect of organic solvents and noise by the upper limit of hearing. Ind. Health 2000; 38 (2) 252-257
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Fuente A, Mcpherson B, Munoz V, Pablo EJ. Assessment of central auditory processing in a group of workers exposed to solvents. Acta Otolaryngol 2006; 126 (11) 1188-1194
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Chang SJ, Chen CJ, Lien CH, Sung FC. Hearing loss in workers exposed to toluene and noise. Environ. Health Perspect 2006; 114 (8) 1283-1286
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 31 El-Shazly A. Toxic solvents in car paints increase the risk of hearing loss associated with occupational exposure to moderate noise intensity. B-ENT 2006; 2 (1) 1-5
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Bernardi APA. Exposição Ocupacional a Ruído e Solventes e Alterações Auditivas Periféricas e Centrais. São Paulo, 2007. (Tese de Doutorado - Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo).
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Campo P, Loquet G, Blachere V, Roure M. Toluene and styrene intoxication route in the rat cochlea. Neurotoxicol. Teratol 1999; 21 (4) 427-434
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar