RSS-Feed abonnieren
![](/products/assets/desktop/img/oa-logo.png)
DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_142_17
The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
01. Oktober 2019 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/10.1055-s-00042133/201704/lookinside/thumbnails/10-4103-ejd-ejd_142_17_00480-1.jpg)
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and the factors associated with it among dental students and interns in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was chosen, and a sample of dental students and interns was collected from seven dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 833 participants were approached in person as convenient sample population. A self-reported questionnaire was administered and informed consent was obtained. The associations between oral malodor and different variables of the study were explored using analytical statistics (Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis). Statistical significance was determined using a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Six hundred and fifteen participants (aged 19–27 years) completed the survey with a response rate of 73.8%. The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 75.1%. More female (51.4%) than male students (23.7%) reported oral malodor, and most participants (61%) reported early morning halitosis. Thirteen percent of respondents had examination for oral malodor by a dentist and 37.6% treated the condition with self-medication. Binary logistic regression model showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] =0.44, CI = 0.22–0.87), daily use of dental floss (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.13-0.58), and drinking tea with mint (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22–0.89) were significantly associated with oral malodor. The participants with tongue coating had higher odds (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.13–6.69) of having oral malodor than those without tongue coating, and the association was statistically significant. Conclusions: The study identified high prevalence of oral malodor among dental students and interns. They should receive appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition from dentist. The regular use of dental floss and removal of tongue coating can significantly reduce halitosis.
-
REFERENCES
- 1 Rosenberg M. The science of bad breath. Sci Am 2002; 286: 72-9
- 2 Kapoor U, Sharma G, Juneja M, Nagpal A. Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management. Eur J Dent 2016; 10: 292-300
- 3 Cortelli JR, Barbosa MD, Westphal MA. Halitosis: A review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22 (Suppl. 01) 44-54
- 4 Pratibha PK, Bhat KM, Bhat GS. Oral malodor: A review of the literature. J Dent Hyg 2006; 80: 8
- 5 van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C. A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis. J Dent 2007; 35: 627-35
- 6 Al-Ansari JM, Boodai H, Al-Sumait N, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Shammari KF, Salako N. Factors associated with self-reported halitosis in Kuwaiti patients. J Dent 2006; 34: 444-9
- 7 Nazir MA, Almas K. Awareness about the effects of tobacco consumption on oral health and the possibility of smoking behavior among male Saudi schoolchildren. Eur J Dent 2017; 11: 29-35
- 8 Nardi GM, Forabosco A, Forabosco G, Musciotto A, Campisi G, Grandi T. Halitosis: A stomatological and psychological issue. Minerva Stomatol 2009; 58: 435-44
- 9 Bollen CM, Beikler T. Halitosis: The multidisciplinary approach. Int J Oral Sci 2012; 4: 55-63
- 10 Yokoyama S, Ohnuki M, Shinada K, Ueno M, Wright FA, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodor and related factors in Japanese senior high school students. J Sch Health 2010; 80: 346-52
- 11 Campisi G, Musciotto A, Di Fede O, Di Marco V, Craxì A. Halitosis: Could it be more than mere bad breath?. Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6: 315-9
- 12 Kim SY, Sim S, Kim SG, Park B, Choi HG. Prevalence and associated factors of subjective halitosis in Korean adolescents. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0140214
- 13 Bornstein MM, Kislig K, Hoti BB, Seemann R, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: A study comparing self-reported and clinical data. Eur J Oral Sci 2009; 117: 261-7
- 14 Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42: 1105-14
- 15 AlSadhan SA. Self-perceived halitosis and related factors among adults residing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross sectional study. Saudi Dent J 2016; 28: 118-23
- 16 Nalcaci R, Baran I. Factors associated with self-reported halitosis (SRH) and perceived taste disturbance (PTD) in elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2008; 46: 307-16
- 17 Eli I, Baht R, Koriat H, Rosenberg M. Self-perception of breath odor. J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132: 621-6
- 18 Rayman S, Almas K. Halitosis among racially diverse populations: An update. Int J Dent Hyg 2008; 6: 2-7
- 19 Calil CM, Marcondes FK. Influence of anxiety on the production of oral volatile sulfur compounds. Life Sci 2006; 79: 660-4
- 20 Settineri S, Mento C, Gugliotta SC, Saitta A, Terranova A, Trimarchi G. et al. Self-reported halitosis and emotional state: Impact on oral conditions and treatments. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8: 34
- 21 Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Naito T, Iwamoto T, Hirofuji T. Relationship between halitosis and psychologic status. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008; 106: 542-7
- 22 Rani H, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Factors associated with clinical and perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Med Dent Sci 2015; 62: 33-41
- 23 Setia S, Pannu P, Gambhir RS, Galhotra V, Ahluwalia P, Sofat A. Correlation of oral hygiene practices, smoking and oral health conditions with self perceived halitosis amongst undergraduate dental students. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2014; 5: 67-72
- 24 Ashwath B, Vijayalakshmi R, Malini S. Self-perceived halitosis and oral hygiene habits among undergraduate dental students. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014; 18: 357-60
- 25 Almas K, Al-Hawish A, Al-Khamis W.. Oral hygiene practices, smoking habit, and self-perceived oral malodor among dental students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003; 4: 77-90
- 26 Bhat MY, Alayyash AA. Social stigma related to halitosis in Saudi and British population: A comparative study. J Dent Res Rev 2016; 3: 65
- 27 Evirgen S, Kamburoglu K. Effects of tongue coating and oral health on halitosis among dental students. Oral Health Prev Dent 2013; 11: 169-73
- 28 Seemann R, Bizhang M, Djamchidi C, Kage A, Nachnani S. The proportion of pseudo-halitosis patients in a multidisciplinary breath malodour consultation. Int Dent J 2006; 56: 77-81
- 29 Liu XN, Shinada K, Chen XC, Zhang BX, Yaegaki K, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 31-6
- 30 Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Van den Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, Van Tornout M. et al Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36: 970-5
- 31 Youngnak-Piboonratanakit P, Vachirarojpisan T. Prevalence of self-perceived oral malodor in a group of thai dental patients. J Dent (Tehran) 2010; 7: 196-204
- 32 Faveri M, Hayacibara MF, Pupio GC, Cury JA, Tsuzuki CO, Hayacibara RM. A cross-over study on the effect of various therapeutic approaches to morning breath odour. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 555-60
- 33 Figueiredo LC, Rosetti EP, Marcantonio Jr E, Marcantonio RA, Salvador SL. The relationship of oral malodor in patients with or without periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2002; 73: 1338-42
- 34 Snel J, Burgering M, Smit B, Noordman W, Tangerman A, Winkel EG. et al. Volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath of human volunteers. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56: 29-34
- 35 Levin KA. Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. Evid Based Dent 2006; 7: 24-5