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Methods Inf Med 2016; 55(06): 533-544
DOI: 10.3414/ME15-01-0130
Original Articles
Schattauer GmbH

Automatic Identification of Physical Activity Intensity and Modality from the Fusion of Accelerometry and Heart Rate Data

Fernando García-García
1   Bioengineering and Telemedicine Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
2   Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
,
Pedro J. Benito
3   Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
,
María E. Hernando
1   Bioengineering and Telemedicine Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
2   Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
› Institutsangaben
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Publikationsverlauf

received: 29. September 2015

accepted: 28. April 2016

Publikationsdatum:
08. Januar 2018 (online)

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Summary

Background: Physical activity (PA) is essential to prevent and to treat a variety of chronic diseases. The automated detection and quantification of PA over time empowers lifestyle interventions, facilitating reliable exercise tracking and data-driven counseling.

Methods: We propose and compare various combinations of machine learning (ML) schemes for the automatic classification of PA from multi-modal data, simultaneously captured by a biaxial accelerometer and a heart rate (HR) monitor. Intensity levels (low / moderate / vigorous) were recognized, as well as for vigorous exercise, its modality (sustained aerobic / resistance / mixed). In to -tal, 178.63 h of data about PA intensity (65.55 % low / 18.96 % moderate / 15.49 % vigorous) and 17.00 h about modality were collected in two experiments: one in free- living conditions, another in a fitness center under controlled protocols. The structure used for automatic classification comprised: a) definition of 42 time-domain signal features, b) dimensionality reduction, c) data clustering, and d) temporal filtering to exploit time redundancy by means of a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Four dimensionality reduction techniques and four clustering algorithms were studied. In order to cope with class imbalance in the dataset, a custom performance metric was defined to aggregate recognition accuracy, precision and recall.

Results: The best scheme, which comprised a projection through Linear Discriminant Ana -lysis (LDA) and k-means clustering, was evaluated in leave-one-subject-out cross-validation; notably outperforming the standard industry procedures for PA intensity classification: score 84.65 %, versus up to 63.60 %. Errors tended to be brief and to appear around transients.

Conclusions: The application of ML techniques for pattern identification and temporal filtering allowed to merge accelerometry and HR data in a solid manner, and achieved markedly better recognition performances than the standard methods for PA intensity estimation.

Keywords

Physical activity intensity - exercise modality - accelerometer - heart rate - clustering