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Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2016; 44(04): 253-258
DOI: 10.15653/TPG-160312
Übersichtsartikel
Schattauer GmbH

Leistung und Gesundheit von Milchkühen: Bedeutung von Genetik (Ursache) und Management (Wirkung)

Ein Beitrag zur DiskussionProduction and diseases of dairy cows: Viewpoint for discussion regarding the significance of genetics (cause) and management (effect)A contribution to the discussion
Holger Martens
1   Institut für Veterinär-Physiologie der Freien Universität Berlin
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Publikationsverlauf

Received: 14. März 2016

Accepted after major revision: 12. Mai 2016

Publikationsdatum:
23. Dezember 2017 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Die Milchleistung der Kühe hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten aufgrund der Selektion auf Milchmenge, entsprechender Fütterung, veterinärmedizinischer Betreuung und erfolgreichen Managements kontinuierlich erhöht und es ist anzunehmen, dass sich dieser Trend fort - setzen wird. Mit der Milchleistung haben jedoch die Erkrankungsrate zu- und die Nutzungsdauer abgenommen. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen der Tierzucht zeigten genetische Korrelationen zwischen Milchleistung und Erkrankungen wie Ketose/Leberverfettung, Mastitis, Klauenerkrankungen, Metritis (alle entzündlichen Formen) und Abnahme der Fruchtbarkeit auf, deren Pathogenese im Wesentlichen durch die negative Energiebilanz als Folge der Selektion auf hohe Milchleistung kausal bestimmt wird. Die genetische Disposition wird in der Praxis durch Managementfaktoren beeinflusst und diese Wechselwirkungen bestimmen die Inzidenz der Erkrankungen und deren hohe Variation. Es muss also bei der Analyse der Erkrankungen unterschieden werden zwischen der genetischen Disposition (Ursache) und Managementfaktoren (Wirkungen). Eine nachhaltige Verbesserung der Situation schließt die Überprüfung der Zuchtwerte und damit der Selektionskriterien ein.

Summary

The milk production of dairy cows has been increased during recent decades through animal-husbandry, improved feeding regime, extensive veterinary service and proper management. It can be assumed that this tendency will be continued in the future. However, the incidence of diseases (production diseases), including ketosis, fat liver, mastitis, lameness, metritis and disturbed fertility, has also increased and exhibits a close genetic correlation with milk yield. The pathoge - nesis of these diseases is – more or less – causally related to the nega - tive energy balance and hence, is a consequence of selection for high milk yield. The genetic disposition and health risks are modulated by the management of dairy cows and both factors contribute to the large variation of diseases in practice. An analysis of production diseases must therefore distinguish between the genetic disposition (cause) and the management (effect). An effective improvement of the complex of production diseases includes the critical discussion of the current breeding index for dairy cows.

Schlüsselwörter

Milchleistung - Produktionserkrankungen - Nutzungsdauer - Zuchtwert

Keywords

Milk production - production diseases - breeding value
 

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