RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1077610
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Sauber macht krank – Das Zusammenspiel von Händehygiene und Handekzemen
Cleanliness Turns into Illness – The Interconnection of Handhygiene and Hand ExcemaPublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
08. Oktober 2008 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Für Mitarbeiter in medizinischen Berufen gehören irritative Hautveränderungen an den Händen sowie Handekzeme zum Alltag. Ursächlich sind nicht zuletzt Maßnahmen der Händehygiene. Von vielen Mitarbeitern im Pflegeberuf werden insbesondere die alkoholischen Händedesinfektionsmittel für ihre rauen Hände verantwortlich gemacht, nicht selten werden sogar Allergien gegen die Alkohole vermutet. In ausführlichen allergologischen Testungen konnte diese Vermutung widerlegt werden – Sensibilisierungen gegen die Alkohole wurden beim medizinischen Personal bislang nicht beobachtet, falls allergische Reaktionen vorkamen, dann gegen andere Inhaltsstoffe der Desinfektionsmittel. Auch in den Irritationstestungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die alkoholischen Händedesinfektionsmittel in aller Regel gut vertragen werden, zumindest deutlich besser als die Händewaschung mit Detergentien. Der Grund, warum viele Pflegedienstmitarbeiter so negativ gegen die Händedesinfektion mit alkoholischen Produkten eingestellt sind, ist, dass die Präparate auf vorgeschädigter Haut ein brennendes Gefühl verursachen. Dieses Gefühl führt dazu, dass die alkoholische Desinfektion zugunsten des Händewaschens vernachlässigt wird, was dann wieder den Hautzustand weiter verschlechtert. Eine rechtzeitige Aufklärung der Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitsdienst über die Hautverträglichkeit von Händedesinfektionsmaßnahmen sollte bereits bei der Ausbildung erfolgen, um von Anfang an eine Schonung der Haut zu gewährleisten.
Abstract
Irritant skin changes and dermatitis on the hands of health care employees are quite common and belong to daily routine. Measures of hand disinfection are frequently accused of inducing these changes. Particularly the hand disinfection with alcohol based skin rubs is blamed to be responsible for their dry and scaly skin. Even allergic reactions to the hand rubs are assumed. In extensive testing, no allergic reactions to alcohols have been described so far. Only sensitization against other ingredients of alcohol based hand rubs have been found. The performed irritant patch testing as well as the in use tests of the alcohols have shown a remarkably good tolerance – far better than the one to hand washing with a detergent. The reason why many health care employees believe to have intolerance against alcohol based hand rubs is that they feel burning and stinging sensation after application of the product on hands with an impaired barrier. They accuse the alcohol based hand rub for this sensation and tend to use hand washing instead, which impairs their skin barrier more seriously. An educational teaching, most effectively during training, will help to avoid such behaviour and may help to maintain a good skin condition.
Literatur
- 1 Boyce J M, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HIPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Am J Infect Control. 2002; 30 1-46
- 2 Pittet D. Compliance with hand disinfection and its impact on hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect. 2001; 48 (Suppl A) S40-S46
- 3 Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Frosch P J, Rustemeyer T. Contact allergies in healthcare workers. Results from the IVDK. Acta Derm Venereol. 1998; 78 358-363
- 4 Kavli G, Angell E, Moseng D. Hospital employees and skin problems. Contact Dermatitis. 1987; 17 156-158
- 5 Smit H A, Burdorf A, Coenraads P J. Prevalence of hand dermatitis in different occupations. Int J Epidemiol. 1993; 22 288-293
- 6 Nilsson E, Back O. The importance of anamnestic information of atopy, metal dermatitis and earlier hand eczema for the development of hand dermatitis in women in wet hospital work. Acta Derm Venereol. 1986; 66 45-50
- 7 Stingeni L, Lapomarda V, Lisi P. Occupational hand dermatitis in hospital environments. Contact Dermatitis. 1995; 33 172-176
- 8 Dickel H, Kuss O, Schmidt A, Kretz J, Diepgen T L. Importance of irritant contact dermatitis in occupational skin disease. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002; 3 283-289
- 9 Dickel H, Kuss O, Blesius C R, Schmidt A, Diepgen T L. Report from the register of occupational skin diseases in northern Bavaria (BKH-N). Contact Dermatitis. 2001; 44 258-259
- 10 Dickel H, Kuss O, Blesius C R, Schmidt A, Diepgen T L. Occupational skin diseases in Northern Bavaria between 1990 and 1999: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2001; 145 453-462
- 11 Schwanitz H J, Uter W. Interdigital dermatitis: sentinel skin damage in hairdressers. Br J Dermatol. 2000; 142 1011-1012
- 12 Kampf G. Händehygiene im Gesundheitswesen. Berlin; Springer-Verlag 2002
- 13 Flyvholm M A, Bach B, Rose M, Jepsen K F. Self-reported hand eczema in a hospital population. Contact Dermatitis. 2007; 57 110-115
- 14 Pittet D. Improving compliance with hand hygiene in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000; 21 381-386
- 15 Pittet D. Improving adherence to hand hygiene practice: a multidisciplinary approach. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7 234-240
- 16 Stutz N, Uter W, Spornraft-Ragaller P. et al . Nurses perception of hand disinfection: alcohol-based hand rubs versus hygienic handwashing – a multicenter questionnaire study with additional patch testing by the german contact dermatitis research group (DKG). Br J Dermatol. 2008; in press
- 17 Kampf G. Personal Communication regarding the amount of alcohol based hand rubs used per year in germany. Hamburg; Bode-Chemie 2008
- 18 Okazawa H, Aihara M, Nagatani T, Nakajima H. Allergic contact dermatitis due to ethyl alcohol. Contact Dermatitis. 1998; 38 233
- 19 Ophaswongse S, Maibach H I. Alcohol dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and contact urticaria syndrome. A review. Contact Dermatitis. 1994; 30 1-6
- 20 Löffler H, Kampf G, Schmermund D, Maibach H I. How irritant is alcohol?. Br J Dermatol. 2007; 157 74-81
- 21 Pedersen L K, Held E, Johansen J D, Agner T. Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 2005; 52 82-87
- 22 Pedersen L K, Held E, Johansen J D, Agner T. Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection. Br J Dermatol. 2005; 153 1142-1146
- 23 Slotosch C M, Kampf G, Löffler H. Effects of disinfectants and detergents on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis. 2007; 57 235-241
- 24 Kampf G, Wigger-Alberti W, Schoder V, Wilhelm K P. Emollients in a propanol-based hand rub can significantly decrease irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2005; 53 344-349
- 25 Bischoff W E, Reynolds T M, Sessler C N. et al . Handwashing compliance by health care workers: The impact of introducing an accessible, alcohol-based hand antiseptic. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160 1017-1021
- 26 Pessoa-Silva C L, Toscano C M, Moreira B M. et al . Infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype infantis in a neonatal unit. J Pediatr. 2002; 141 381-387
- 27 Vicca A F. Nursing staff workload as a determinant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spread in an adult intensive therapy unit. J Hosp Infect. 1999; 43 109-113
- 28 Lübbe J, Ruffieux C, Perrenoud D. A stinging cause for preventive skin care. Lancet. 2000; 356 768-769
- 29 Girard R, Amazian K, Fabry J. Better compliance and better tolerance in relation to a well-conducted introduction to rub-in hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2001; 47 131-137
- 30 Kampf G, Löffler H. Dermatological aspects of a successful introduction and continuation of alcohol-based hand rubs for hygienic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2003; 55 1-7
- 31 Rotter M L. Arguments for alcoholic hand disinfection. J Hosp Infect. 2001; 48 (Suppl A) S4-S8
- 32 Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P. et al . Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial. Bmj. 2002; 325 362
- 33 Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004; 17 863-893, table of contents
- 34 Hübner N O, Kampf G, Löffler H, Kramer A. Effect of a 1 min hand wash on the bactericidal efficacy of consecutive surgical hand disinfection with standard alcohols and on skin hydration. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2006; 209 285-291
- 35 Kramer A, Junger M, Kampf G. Hygienische und dermatologische Aspekte der Handedesinfektion und der prophylaktischen Hautantiseptik. Hautarzt. 2005; 56 743-751
- 36 Hübner N O, Kampf G, Kamp P. et al . Does a preceding hand wash and drying time after surgical hand disinfection influence the efficacy of a propanol-based hand rub?. BMC Microbiol. 2006; 6 57
- 37 Larson E, Friedman C, Cohran J. et al . Prevalence and correlates of skin damage on the hands of nurses. Heart Lung. 1997; 26 404-412
- 38 Ojajarvi J, Makela P, Rantasalo I. Failure of hand disinfection with frequent hand washing: a need for prolonged field studies. J Hyg (Lond). 1977; 79 107-119
- 39 Elsner P. Irritant dermatitis in the workplace. Dermatol Clin. 1994; 12 461-467
- 40 Wigger-Alberti W, Elsner P. Preventive measures in contact dermatitis. Clin Dermatol. 1997; 15 661-665
- 41 Wigger-Alberti W, Maraffio B, Wernli M, Elsner P. Training workers at risk for occupational contact dermatitis in the application of protective creams: efficacy of a fluorescence technique. Dermatology. 1997; 195 129-133
- 42 Löffler H, Bruckner T, Diepgen T, Effendy I. Primary prevention in health care employees: a prospective intervention study with a 3-year training period. Contact Dermatitis. 2006; 54 202-209
Prof. Dr. Harald Löffler
Hautklinik
SLK-Kliniken
Am Gesundbrunnen 20–24
74078 Heilbronn
eMail: Harald.Loeffler@slk-kliniken.de