PDF herunterladen
Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28(2): 201-209
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1073119
© Thieme Medical Publishers

Role of Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure

Iris W. Liou1 , Anne M. Larson2
  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  • 2Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
02. Mai 2008 (online)

    Lizenzen und Reprints

ABSTRACT

Orthotopic liver transplantation is employed as salvage therapy for individuals who are unable to recover from acute liver failure. Prognostic models are helpful but not entirely accurate in predicting those who will eventually require liver transplantation. There are specific criteria for United Network for Organ Sharing category 1a (urgent) listing of these patients. Unfortunately, clinical deterioration develops rapidly and many require removal from the waiting list prior to transplantation. With advances in critical care management and surgical technique, 1-year post-transplant survival rates have improved to 60 to 80%. Alternatives to conventional orthotopic liver transplantation include living donor liver transplantation, ABO-incompatible grafts, and auxiliary liver transplantation. There are many ethical and psychosocial issues inherent to transplanting these sick patients due to the urgent nature of acute liver failure. Fortunately, the long-term survival and quality of life in these transplant recipients is good.

KEYWORDS

Acute liver failure - liver transplantation - outcome

REFERENCES

  • 1 Bernuau J, Rueff B, Benhamou J. Fulminant and subfulminant liver failure: definition and causes.  Semin Liver Dis. 1986;  6 97-106
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 Bismuth H, Didier S, Castaing D et al.. Orthotopic liver transplantation in fulminant and subfulminant hepatitis: the Paul Brousse experience.  Ann Surg. 1995;  222 109-119
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 3 Hoofnagle J H, Carithers Jr R L, Shapiro C, Ascher N. Fulminant hepatic failure: summary of a workshop.  Hepatology. 1995;  21 240-252
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 O'Grady J G, Alexander G J, Thick M, Potter D, Calne R Y, Williams R. Outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation in the aetiological and clinical variants of acute liver failure.  Q J Med. 1988;  68 817-824
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 DeVictor D, Desplanques L, Debray D et al.. Emergency liver transplantation for fulminant liver failure in infants and children.  Hepatology. 1992;  16 1156-1162
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Lee W M. Acute liver failure in the United States.  Semin Liver Dis. 2003;  23 217-226
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 2006 Annual Report of the US Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: Transplant Data 1995-2005. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation Richmond, VA: United Network for Organ Sharing; Ann Arbor, MI: University Renal Research and Education Association
  • 8 Blei A T. Selection of acute liver failure: have we got it right?.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11(suppl 2) S30-S34
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Anand A C, Nightingale P, Neuberger J M. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure: an assessment of the King's criteria.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 62-68
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Polson J, Lee W. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure.  Hepatology. 2005;  41 1179-1197
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Samuel D, Bismuth H. Transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatitis. In: Maddrey W, Schiff E, Sorrell M Transplantation of the Liver. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Williams 2001: 361-370
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 12 Daas M, Plevak D, Wijdicks E et al.. Acute liver failure: results of a 5-year clinical protocol.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1995;  1 210-219
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Vaquero J, Fontana R, Larson A et al.. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 1581-1589
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 Jalan R, Olde Damink S, Deutz N et al.. Moderate hypothermia in patients with acute liver failure and uncontrolled intracranial hypertension.  Transplantation. 2003;  75 2034-2039
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Rolando N, Harvey F, Brahm J et al.. Fungal infection: a common, unrecognised complication of acute liver failure.  J Hepatol. 1991;  12 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Vaquero J, Polson J, Chung C et al.. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure.  Gastroenterology. 2003;  125 755-764
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Rolando N, Harvey F, Brahm J et al.. Prospective study of bacterial infection in acute liver failure: an analysis of fifty patients.  Hepatology. 1990;  11 49-53
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Rolando N, Philpott-Howard J, Williams R. Bacterial and fungal infection in acute liver failure.  Semin Liver Dis. 1996;  16 389-402
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Stravitz R T, Kramer A H, Davern T et al.. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: recommendations of the U.S. Acute Liver Failure Study Group.  Crit Care Med. 2007;  35 2498-2508
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Bernal W, Wendon J, Rela M, Heaton N, Williams R. Use and outcome of liver transplantation in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure.  Hepatology. 1998;  27 1050-1055
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Ostapowicz G, Fontana R, Schiødt F et al.. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States.  Ann Intern Med. 2002;  137 947-954
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Castells A, Salmeron J, Navasa M et al.. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure: analysis of applicability.  Gastroenterology. 1993;  105 532-538
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Russo M W, Galanko J A, Shrestha R, Fried M W, Watkins P. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug-induced liver injury in the United States.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 1018-1023
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Wigg A J, Gunson B K, Mutimer D J. Outcomes following liver transplantation for seronegative acute liver failure: experience during a 12-year period with more than 100 patients.  Liver Transpl. 2005;  11 27-34
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Montalti R, Nardo B, Beltempo P et al.. Liver transplantation in fulminant hepatic failure: experience with 40 adult patients over a 17-year period.  Transplant Proc. 2005;  37 1085-1087
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Escorsell A, Mas A, de la Mata M. Spanish Group of the Study of Acute Liver Failure . Acute liver failure in Spain: analysis of 267 cases.  Liver Transpl. 2007;  13 1389-1395
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Detry O, De Roover A, Coimbra C et al.. Cadaveric liver transplantation for non-acetaminophen fulminant hepatic failure: a 20-year experience.  World J Gastroenterol. 2007;  13 1427-1430
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Areia M, Romaozinho J, Ferreira M, Amaro P, Leitao M. Fulminant hepatic failure: a Portuguese experience.  Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;  19 665-669
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 O'Mahony C, Patel S, Suarez J et al.. Have U.S. orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) outcomes for acute liver failure (ALF) improved in the last decade?.  Hepatology. 2007;  46 492A
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Devlin J, Wendon J, Heaton N, Tan K, Williams R. Pretransplant clinical status and outcome of emergency transplantation for acute liver failure.  Hepatology. 1995;  21 1018-1024
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Moore K, Taylor G, Ward P, Williams R. Aetiology and management of renal failure in acute liver failure. In: Williams R, Hughes R Acute Liver Failure: Improved Understanding and Better Therapy. Welwyn Garden City, UK; Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals 1991: 47-53
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Barshes N R, Lee T C, Balkrishnan R et al.. Risk stratification of adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure.  Transplantation. 2006;  81 195-201
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Bismuth H, Samuel D, Castaing D et al.. Liver transplantation in Europe for patients with acute liver failure.  Semin Liver Dis. 1996;  16 415-425
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Ejlersen E, Larsen F, Pott F et al.. Hepatectomy corrects cerebral hyperperfusion in fulminant hepatic failure.  Transplant Proc. 1994;  26 1794-1795
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Ringe B, Lubbe N, Kuse E et al.. Total hepatectomy and liver transplantation as a two-stage procedure.  Ann Surg. 1993;  218 3-9
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Durand P, Debray D, Mandel R et al.. Acute liver failure in infancy: a 14-year experience of a pediatric liver transplantation center.  J Pediatr. 2001;  139 871-876
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Baliga P, Alvarez S, Lindblad A, Zeng L. Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) Research Group . Posttransplant survival in pediatric fulminant hepatic failure: the SPLIT experience.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 1364-1371
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Kiuchi T, Kasahara M, Uryuhara K et al.. Impact of graft size mismatching on graft prognosis in liver transplantation from living donors.  Transplantation. 1999;  67 321-327
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Kawasaki S, Mukuuchi M, Matsunami H et al.. Living related liver transplantation in adults.  Ann Surg. 1998;  227 269-274
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 40 Marcos A, Fisher R, Ham J et al.. Liver regeneration and function in donor and recipient after right lobe adult to adult living donor liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2000;  69 1375-1379
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 41 Casas A, Falkenstein K, Gallagher M, Dunn S. Living donor liver transplantation in critically ill children.  Pediatr Transplant. 1999;  3 104-108
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 42 Emre S, Schwartz M E, Shneider B et al.. Living related liver transplantation for acute liver failure in children.  Liver Transpl Surg. 1999;  5 161-165
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 43 Gruttadauria S, Marsh J, Cintorino D et al.. Adult to adult living-related liver transplant: report on an initial experience in Italy.  Dig Liver Dis. 2007;  39 342-350
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 44 Maluf D G, Stravitz R T, Cotterell A H et al.. Adult living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation: a 6-year single center experience.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 149-156
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 45 Berg C L, Gillespie B W, Merion R M et al.. Improvement in survival associated with adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation.  Gastroenterology. 2007;  133 1806-1813
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 46 Dahm F, Georgiev P, Clavien P. Small-for-size syndrome after partial liver transplantation: definition, mechanisms of disease and clinical implications.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 2605-2610
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 47 Lo C M, Fan S T, Liu C L et al.. Adult-to-adult living donor transplantation using extended right lobe grafts.  Ann Surg. 1997;  226 261-269
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 48 Bernal W, Wendon J. Liver transplantation in adults with acute liver failure.  J Hepatol. 2004;  40 192-197
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 49 Umeshita K, Fujiwara K, Kiyosawa K et al.. Operative morbidity of living liver donors in Japan.  Lancet. 2003;  362 687-690
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 50 Dondero F, Farges O, Belghitti J et al.. A prospective analysis of living-liver donation shows a high rate of adverse events.  J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;  13 117-122
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 51 Renz J F, Roberts J P. Long-term complications of living donor liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2000;  6(suppl 2) S73-S76
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 52 Ichida T, Todo S, Fujiwara K et al.. Living related-donor liver transplantation for adult fulminant hepatic failure.  Hepatology. 2000;  32 340A
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 53 Miwa S, Hasikura Y, Mita A et al.. Living-related liver transplantation for patients with fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure.  Hepatology. 1999;  30 1521-1526
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 54 Uemoto S, Inomata Y, Sukarai T et al.. Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure.  Transplantation. 2000;  70 152-157
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 55 Lee S, Ahn C, Kim K. Which types of graft to use in patients with acute liver failure? (A) Auxilliary liver transplantation, (B) living donor transplantation, (C) whole liver. (B) I prefer living donor liver transplantation.  J Hepatol. 2007;  46 574-578
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 56 Abouna G J. Emergency adult to adult living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: is it justifiable?.  Transplantation. 2001;  71 1498-1500
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 57 Committee of Ministers .No R(97)16 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on liver transplantation from living related donors. Council of Europe; Meeting of the Ministers Deputies September 30, 1997 Strasbourg COE Public Access Collection
    Suche in Google Scholar
  • 58 Reding R. Is it right to promote living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure in pediatric recipients?.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 1587-1591
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 59 Spital A. More on parental living liver donation for children with fulminant hepatic failure: addressing concerns about competing interests, coercion, consent and balancing acts.  Am J Transplant. 2005;  5 2619-2622
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 60 Durand F, Belghitti J, Troisi O et al.. Living donor liver transplantation in high-risk vs. low-risk patients: optimization using statistical models.  Liver Transpl. 2006;  12 231-239
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 61 Kim-Schluger L, Sander S, Schiano T et al.. Quality of life after lobectomy for adult liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2002;  73 1593-1597
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 62 Erim Y, Beckmann M, Kroencke S et al.. Psychological strain in urgent indications for living donor liver transplantation.  Liver Transpl. 2007;  13 886-895
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 63 Trotter J F, Hill-Callahan M M, Gillespie B W et al.. Severe psychiatric problems in right hepatic lobe donors for living donor liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2007;  83 1506-1508
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 64 Farges O, Kalil A, Samuel D et al.. The use of ABO-incompatible grafts in liver transplantation: a life-saving procedure in highly selected patients.  Transplantation. 1995;  59 1124-1133
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 65 Hanto D W, Fecteau A H, Alonso M H, Valente J F, Whiting J F. ABO-incompatible liver transplantation with no immunological graft losses using total plasma exchange, splenectomy, and quadruple immunosuppression: evidence for accommodation.  Liver Transpl. 2003;  9 22-30
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 66 Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M. Adult liver transplantation using live ABO-incompatible grafts in Western countries.  Liver Transpl. 2006;  12 1324-1325
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 67 Egawa H, Oike F, Buhler L et al.. Impact of recipient age on outcome of ABO-incompatible living-donor liver transplantation.  Transplantation. 2004;  77 403-411
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 68 Toso C, Al-Qahtani M, Alsaif F et al.. ABO-incompatible liver transplantation for critically ill adult patients.  Transpl Int. 2007;  20 675-681
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 69 Bjoro K, Erickzon B, Kirkegaard P et al.. Highly urgent liver transplantation: possible impact of donor-recipient ABO matching on the outcome after transplantation.  Transplantation. 2003;  75 347-353
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 70 Smith C M, Davies D B, McBride M A. Liver transplantation in the United States: a report from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network.  Clin Transpl. 2000;  19-30
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 71 Koukoutsis I, Bellagamba R, Tamijmarane A et al.. Outcomes after identical and compatible orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure: a single center experience in UK.  Transpl Int. 2007;  20 659-665
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 72 Aladag M, Gurakar A, Camci C et al.. Compatible ABO mismatch and liver transplantation: a single center's experience.  Exp Clin Transplant. 2006;  4 467-469
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 73 Chenard-Neu M P, Boudjema K, Bernuau J et al.. Auxiliary liver transplantation: regeneration of the native liver and outcome in 30 patients with fulminant hepatic failure-a multicenter European study.  Hepatology. 1996;  23 1119-1127
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 74 Bismuth H, Azoulay D, Samuel D et al.. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for fulminant hepatitis: the Paul Brousse experience.  Ann Surg. 1996;  224 712-726
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 75 Van Hoek B, De Boer J, Boudjema K et al.. Auxiliary versus orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure: EURALT Study Group, European Auxiliary Liver Transplant Registry.  J Hepatol. 1999;  30 699-705
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 76 Brandsaeter B, Hockerstedt K, Friman S et al.. Fulminant hepatic failure: outcome after listing for highly urgent liver transplantation-12 years experience in the Nordic countries.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 1055-1062
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 77 Azoulay D, Samuel D, Ichai P et al.. Auxiliary partial orthotopic versus standard orthotopic whole liver transplantation for acute liver failure: a reappraisal from a single center by a case-control study.  Ann Surg. 2001;  234 723-731
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 78 Pereira S P, McCarthy M, Ellis A J et al.. Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation for acute liver failure.  J Hepatol. 1997;  26 1010-1017
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 79 Gugenheim J, Samuel D, Reynes M et al.. Liver transplantation across ABO blood group barrier.  Lancet. 1990;  336 519-523
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 80 Farges O, Kalil A N, Samuel D et al.. The use of ABO-incompatible grafts in liver transplantation: a life-saving procedure in highly selected patients.  Transplantation. 1995;  59 1124-1133
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 81 Adam R, Reynes M, Johann M et al.. The outcome of steatotic grafts in liver transplantation.  Transplant Proc. 1991;  23 1538-1540
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 82 Jackson E W, Zacks S, Zinn S et al.. Delayed neuropsychological dysfunction after liver transplantation for acute liver failure: a matched, case-controlled study.  Liver Transpl. 2002;  8 932-936
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 83 Sargent S, Wainwright S. Quality of life following emergency liver transplantation for acute liver failure.  Nurs Crit Care. 2006;  11 168-176
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 84 Sargent S, Wainwright S. A qualitative study exploring patients' perceived quality of life following an emergency liver transplant for acute liver failure.  Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2007;  23 272-280
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 85 Bilir B M, Guinette D, Karrer F et al.. Hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure.  Liver Transpl. 2000;  6 32-40
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 86 Habibullah C M, Syed I H, Qamar A, Taher-Uz Z. Human fetal hepatocyte transplantation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure.  Transplantation. 1994;  58 951-952
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 87 Strom S C, Fisher R A, Thompson M T et al.. Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure.  Transplantation. 1997;  63 559-569
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 88 Demetriou A A, Brown Jr R S, Busuttil R W et al.. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure.  Ann Surg. 2004;  239 660-667
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 89 Ellis A J, Hughes R D, Wendon J A et al.. Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure.  Hepatology. 1996;  24 1446-1451
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 90 Khuroo M S, Khuroo M S, Faharat K. Molecular adsorbent recirculating system for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a meta-analysis.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10 1099-1106
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 91 Bernuau J, Goudeau A, Poynard T et al.. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulminant hepatitis B.  Hepatology. 1986;  6 648-651
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 92 O'Grady J G, Alexander G J, Hayllar K M, Williams R. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure.  Gastroenterology. 1989;  97 439-445
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 93 Mitchell I, Bihari D, Chang R, Wendon J, Williams R. Earlier identification of patients at risk from acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure.  Crit Care Med. 1998;  26 279-284
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 94 Yantorno S E, Kremers W K, Ruf A E et al.. MELD is superior to King's College and Clichy criteria to assess prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure.  Liver Transpl. 2007;  13 822-828
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 95 Wiesner R H. MELD/PELD and the allocation of deceased donor livers for status 1 recipients with acute fulminant hepatic failure, primary nonfunction, hepatic artery thrombosis and acute Wilson's disease.  Liver Transpl. 2004;  10(suppl 2) S17-S22
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 96 Schmidt L E, Larsen F S. MELD score as a predictor of liver failure and death in patients with acetaminophen-induced liver injury.  Hepatology. 2007;  45 789-796
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 97 Yantorno S E, Kremers W K, Ruf A E et al.. MELD is superior to King's College and Clichy's criteria to assess prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure.  Liver Transpl. 2007;  13 822-828
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 98 Zaman M B, Hoti E, Qasim A et al.. MELD score as a prognostic model for listing acute liver failure patients for liver transplantation.  Transplant Proc. 2006;  38 2097-2098
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar

Anne M LarsonM.D. 

Associate Professor, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

5939 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9528

eMail: anne.larson@utsouthwestern.edu