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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1027930
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Neuroendokrine Neoplasien des Rektums auf dem Vormarsch – ein Update
Rectal Carcinoids on the Rise – UpdatePublication History
Manuskript eingetroffen: 8.7.2008
Manuskript akzeptiert: 13.10.2008
Publication Date:
08 April 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Neuroendokrine Neoplasien des Rektums sind auf dem Vormarsch: In den USA haben sie in den letzten 35 Jahren um 800 – 1000 % an Häufigkeit zugenommen. Wahrscheinlich hängt die drastische Zunahme mit der Einführung der Vorsorgekoloskopie zusammen, die auch dazu führte, dass „inzidentell” gefundene neuroendokrine Rektumtumoren/-karzinome kleiner sind als früher. Für die Größenbestimmung und Infiltrationstiefe des Tumors und zum Nachweis von Lymphknotenmetastasen ist die Endosonografie die Methode der Wahl. Tumoren von < 10 mm Größe, die nicht in die Muscularis propria infiltrieren, können i. d. R. endoskopisch entfernt werden. Findet sich histologisch eine Lymph- oder Blutgefäßinvasion oder andere Hinweise einer Lymphknotenmetastasierung, ist die chirurgische Lymphknotendissektion indiziert. Neuroendokrine Rektumneoplasien („rectal carcinoids”) von 10,1 – 20 mm Durchmesser haben ein Metastasierungsrisiko von 17 – 42 (81) %, für neuroendokrine Rektumneoplasien von > 20 mm steigt dieses Risiko auf 60 – 80 % an. Ein Karzinoidsyndrom wird selbst bei fernmetastasierten neuroendokrinen Rektumkarzinomen selten beobachtet. Stabile Somatostatinanaloga und Interferon-α stellen die medikamentöse Therapie der Wahl des Karzinoidsyndroms dar. Dank der zunehmenden Früherkennung von neuroendokrinen Rektumtumoren/-karzinomen konnte in den letzten 30 Jahren die Prognose der Patienten erheblich verbessert werden. Zusätzlich zur Früherkennung von kolorektalen Adenomen und Adenokarzinomen ermöglicht die Vorsorgekoloskopie somit auch die Früherkennung und frühe Therapie von neuroendokrinen Rektumtumoren/-karzinomen.
Abstract
Rectal carcinoids are becoming more common: in the USA they have increased in frequency by 800 – 1000 % in the past 35 years. This dramatic increase is probably related to the introduction of colonoscopic screening which also results in the “incidentally” detected neuroendocrine rectal tumours/carcinomas being smaller than in the pre-screening era. Endosonography is the method of choice for determining the size and depth of penetration of the tumours and for detecting lymph node metastases. Tumours of < 10 mm in size that have not infiltrated the muscularis propria can usually be removed endoscopically. When invasion of lymph or blood vessels or lymph node metastases are found, surgical resection of the lymph nodes is indicated. Neuroendocrine rectal neoplasms (rectal carcinoids) of 10.1 – 20 mm in diameter have a metastasis risk of 17 – 42 (81) % for neuroendocrine rectal neoplasms > 20 mm in size this risk increases to 60 – 80 %. A carcinoid syndrome is rarely observed, even in cases of distant metastases of neuroendocrine rectal carcinomas. Stable somatostatin analogues and interferon-α constitute the drug therapies of choice for carcinoid syndrome. As a result of the increasing early detection of rectal carcinoids/carcinomas the prognosis for the patients has improved considerably in the last 30 years. In addition to the early detection of colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma, screening colonoscopy also makes possible the early detection and early therapy for neuroendocrine rectal tumours/carcinomas.
Schlüsselwörter
Rektumkarzinom - Karzinoidsyndrom - untere gastrointestinale Blutung - kolorektales Karzinom - gastrointestinale Blutung - gastroenteropankreatische Tumoren
Key words
rectal carcinoma - carcinoid syndrome - lower gastrointestinal bleeding - colorectal carcinoma - gastrointestinal bleeding - gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours
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Prof. Dr. Hans Scherübl
Klinik für Innere Medizin, Gastroenterologie und Gastrointestinale Onkologie, Vivantes-Klinikum Am Urban
Dieffenbachstraße 1
10967 Berlin
Phone: ++ 49/30/1 30 22 52 01
Fax: ++ 49/30/1 30 22 52 05
Email: hans.scheruebl@vivantes.de