Int J Sports Med 2007; 28(9): 780-786
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-964907
Nutrition

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Imbalanced Nutrition of Top-Level Swimmers

A. Kabasakalis1 , K. Kalitsis1 , G. Tsalis1 , V. Mougios1
  • 1Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Further Information

Publication History

accepted after revision August 7, 2006

Publication Date:
13 April 2007 (online)

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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to monitor the nutritional status of 9 Greek national top-level swimmers during a competitive season of eight months. The swimmers were assessed through recording of food and supplement intake, blood sampling, and anthropometry at four landmarks: in the beginning of the season (baseline), after completing a phase of intensive and voluminous training (at 10 weeks), at a minor taper (19 weeks), and during the major taper (32 weeks). Energy and macronutrient intake did not change significantly over time, and only a few significant changes were found in micronutrient intakes. Low carbohydrate and high fat intakes (e.g., 36 and 42 % of total energy, respectively, in males), inadequate intake of some micronutrients, and improper use of supplements indicated suboptimal dietary habits. Blood hemoglobin fluctuated significantly during the season. No significant changes in parameters indicative of the iron stores (transferrin saturation and ferritin) were found, although iron intake increased by supplementation with the onset of training. Serum markers of training stress were not significantly altered. In conclusion, Greek top-level swimmers should be guided toward a balanced diet and a rational use of supplements. Monitoring of dietary intakes during a competitive season is highly recommended.