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DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-947332
Proline: An Essential Amino Acid as Effective Chiral Organocatalyst
Publication History
Publication Date:
24 July 2006 (online)
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Introduction
Asymmetric organocatalysis can be considered a powerful tool for synthetic challenges because it involves mild reaction conditions and few protection/deprotection steps. The most commonly used organocatalyst for various asymmetric reactions is l-proline (Figure 1), which is one of the essential amino acids. [1] The number of studies has exploded in the past years and so this review is an update of Spotlight No. 60. [1a] Previous results will not be repeated, except to add recent comments.
Figure 1 l-proline, one of the essential amino acids.
The asymmetric organocatalyzed aldol process, which today leads to ee values up to 96%, [2] has been used to synthesize important bioactive compounds, [2a] intermediates for de novo carbohydrate synthesis, [2b] and 2-hydroxy 1,4-diketones. [2c]
The enantiomeric excess and the diastereomeric ratio for cross coupling of aldehydes can be increased by using ionic liquids such as 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6), and the catalyst can be reused. [3]
Robinson annulation, which affords Wieland-Miescher ketones (i.e., steroid precursors), is used industrially, [1d] and an acyclic version has been studied by Gryko in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP). [4]
For the Mannich reaction, [5] several aldehydes can be used, but p-methoxyphenylamine is often the protected amine of choice. The most commonly used ketone is acetone, but cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and diethylketone have also been used. Preferred solvents are NMP and DMF to afford the products in 50-96% yield and 71-99% ee. The reaction is efficient on multigram scale. [5e] Recently, Bolm and co-workers, using microwaves, have decreased the amount of catalyst to 0.5 mol% and achieved 98% ee. [5f]
α-Amination affords non-natural α-amino acids or non-natural α-amino alcohols and has been used to obtain metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands, which are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. [6]
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