PDF herunterladen
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2007; 75(3): 140-154
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932204
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Diagnostik der Beschwerdenvalidität

Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht: ein Update 2002 bis 2005A Review of Methods for the Assessment of Symptom ValidityAn Update 2002 to 2005N.  Blaskewitz1 , T.  Merten2
  • 1Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Psychologie
  • 2Vivantes Netzwerk für Gesundheit, Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Klinik für Neurologie, Berlin
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
17. November 2006 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Aufbauend auf einer früheren Überblicksarbeit (Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2002; 70: 126 - 138) zu Ansätzen und Methoden der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik bei Verdacht auf negative Antwortverzerrungen und suboptimales Leistungsverhalten (einschließlich Simulation und Aggravation) wurden allein für die Jahre 2002 - 2005 weltweit mehr als 400 Zeitschriftenartikel ermittelt, die dieses Thema und sein Umfeld behandeln. Für die Identifikation von suboptimalem Leistungsverhalten haben sich die Beschwerdenvalidierungstests als erfolgreichste Methode bewährt. Auch bei der Weiterentwicklung von Fragebogen- und Ratingmethoden zur Identifikation negativer Antwortverzerrungen sind bedeutsame Forschungsaktivitäten zu erkennen. Drei inhaltliche Forschungsschwerpunkte zur Beurteilung der Beschwerdenvalidität werden besonders dargestellt: retrograde Amnesien, Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen und Schmerz bzw. Schmerzstörungen. - Unter Berücksichtigung des seit Beginn der 1990er-Jahre festzustellenden großen Forschungsinteresses an der Thematik ist keine Verlangsamung der Forschungsaktivität zu erkennen, sodass auch für die kommenden Jahre mit wichtigen Entwicklungen zu rechnen ist.

Abstract

Continuing a previous review on problems and strategies for the assessment of negative response bias (Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2002; 70: 126 - 138), an update on research published from 2002 to 2005 is provided. More than 400 journal articles were included in the analysis. It was found that symptom validity tests or effort tests are generally accepted as the one method which is best developed for the assessment of negative response bias. Other methods, including questionnaires and rating methods, are reviewed. Three important applications of symptom validity assessment are analysed in some more detail: retrograde amnesia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and pain. - Research activities in the field of what was previously called “malingering research” have not decreased so further important developments can be expected in the years to come.

Schlüsselwörter

Beschwerdenvalidierung - Simulation - Aggravation - Neuropsychologische Diagnostik - Fragebögen

Key words

symptom validity - malingering - symptom exaggeration - neuropsychological assessment - questionnaires

Literatur

  • 1 Merten T. Fragen der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht.  Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2002;  70 126-138
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Blaskewitz N. Diagnostik der Beschwerdenvalidität. Unveröffentl Diplomarbeit, Humboldt-Universität, Institut für Psychologie 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Mittenberg W, Patton C, Canyock E M, Condit D C. Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;  24 1094-1102
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Clifford D, Byrne M K, Allan C. Getting caught in court: Base rates for malingering in Australasian litigants.  Psychiatr Psychol Law. 2004;  11 197-201
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Merten T, Friedel E, Stevens A. Eingeschränkte Kooperativität in der neurologisch-psychiatrischen Begutachtung: Schätzungen zur Auftretenshäufigkeit an einer Begutachtungspopulation.  Versicherungsmed. 2006;  58 19-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Benbadis S R. Psychogenic symptoms: is the psychiatric community in denial?.  Epilepsy Behav. 2005;  6 9-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Green P. Testmotivation und ihre Messung. „Der Patient war anscheinend motiviert ..., doch die Testergebnisse sind ungültig” - Symptomvalidierungstestung in der Neuropsychologie und der Word Memory Test.  Rep Psychol. 2004;  29 303-308
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Bush S S, Ruff R M, Tröster A I, Barth J T, Koffler S P, Pliskin N H, Reynolds C R, Silver C H. Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity. NAN Policy & Planning Committee.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 419-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bush S S, Ruff R M, Tröster A I, Barth J T, Koffler S P, Pliskin N H, Reynolds C R, Silver C H. Diagnostik der Beschwerdenvalidität: Praktische Gesichtspunkte und medizinische Erfordernis.  Neurol Rehabil. 2006;  12 69-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Merten T. Der Stellenwert der Symptomvalidierung in der neuropsychologischen Begutachtung: eine Positionsbestimmung.  Z Neuropsychol. 2005;  16 29-45
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Merten T. Neuropsychologische Begutachtung und die Untersuchung einer angemessenen Leistungsmotivation.  Med Sach. 2004;  100 154-157
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Essig S M, Mittenberg W, Petersen R S, Strauman S, Cooper J T. Practices in forensic neuropsychology: perspectives of neuropsychologists and trial attorneys.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;  16 271-291
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Slick D J, Tan J E, Strauss E, Hultsch D F. Detecting malingering: a survey of experts' practices.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 465-473
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Tan J E, Slick D J, Strauss E, Hultsch D F. How'd they do it? Malingering strategies on symptom validity tests.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  16 495-505
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lynch W J. Determination of effort level, exaggeration, and malingering in neurocognitive assessment.  J Head Trauma Rehab. 2004;  19 277-283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Martelli M F, Zasler N D, Nicholson K, Hart R P, Heilbronner R L. Masquerades of brain injury part III: Critical evaluation of symptom validity testing and diagnostic realities in assessment.  J Controvers Med Claims. 2002;  9 19-22
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Stieglitz R D. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Selbstbeurteilung in der Begutachtung.  Nervenarzt. 2005;  76 Supplement 1 286
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Slick D J, Sherman E M, Iverson G L. Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: proposed standards for clinical practice and research.  Clin Neuropsychol. 1999;  13 545-561
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Iverson G L. Detecting malingering in civil forensic evaluations. In: Horton AM, Hartlage LC (eds). Handbook of Forensic Neuropsychology. New York: Springer 2003: 137-177
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Victor T L, Abeles N. Coaching clients to take psychological and neuropsychological tests: A clash of ethical obligations.  Profess Psychol Res Pract. 2004;  35 373-379
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Erdal K. The effects of motivation, coaching, and knowledge of neuropsychology on the simulated malingering of head injury.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 73-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Gorny I, Merten T, Henry M, Brockhaus R. Information, Warning, Coaching - How Much Do They Need? Poster presented at the mid-year meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society (INS). Dublin 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Powell M R, Gfeller J D, Hendricks B L, Sharland M. Detecting symptom- and test-coached simulators with the Test of Memory Malingering.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 693-702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Suhr J, Gunstad J, Greub B, Barrash J. Exaggeration Index for an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test: robustness to coaching.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;  26 416-427
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Shum D HK, O'Gorman J G, Alpar A. Effects of incentive and preparation time on performance and classification accuracy of standard and malingering-specific memory tests.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 817-823
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Paniak C, Reynolds S, Toller-Lobe G, Melnyk A, Nagy J, Schmidt D. A longitudinal study on the relationship between financial compensation and symptoms after treated mild traumatic brain injury.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;  24 187-193
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Reynolds S, Paniak C, Toller-Lobe G, Nagy J. A longitudinal study of compensation-seeking and return to work in a treated mild traumatic brain injury sample.  J Head Trauma Rehab. 2003;  18 139-147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Yantz C L, McCaffrey R J. Social facilitation effect of examiner attention or inattention to computer administered neuropsychological tests: first sign that symptom validity tests may be affected.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 896-897
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Furnham A. Dissimulation, intelligence and personality.  Soc Beh Personal. 2002;  30 527-532
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Pelfrey W V. The relationship between malingerers' intelligence and MMPI-2 knowledge and their ability to avoid detection.  Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2004;  48 649-663
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Boone K B, Lu P, Wen J. Comparison of various RAVLT scores in the detection of noncredible memory performance.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 301-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Constantinou M, McCaffrey R J. Using the TOMM for evaluating children's effort to perform optimally on neuropsychological measures.  Child Neuropsychol. 2003;  9 81-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Wen J, Boone K. Performance on cognitive “effort” measures in ESL and non-ESL patients.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 894
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Richman J, Green P, Gervais R, Flaro L, Merten T, Brockhaus R, Ranks D. Objective tests of symptom exaggeration in independent medical examinations.  J Occup Env Med. 2006;  48 303-311
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Ashendorf L, Constantinou M, McCaffrey R J. The effect of depression and anxiety on the TOMM in community-dwelling older adults.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 125-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Gunstad J, Suhr J A. Cognitive factors in postconcussion syndrome symptom report.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 391-405
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Rohling M L, Green P, Allen L M, Iverson G L. Depressive symptoms and neurocognition in patients passing symptom validity tests.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 205-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Etherton J L, Bianchini K J, Ciota M A, Greve K W. Reliable digit span is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: implications for clinical use.  Assess. 2005;  12 101-106
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Etherton J L, Bianchini K J, Greve K W, Ciota M A. Test of Memory Malingering Performance is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: implications for clinical use.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 375-384
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Kennedy C H, Shaver G, Weinborn M, Manley J, Broshek D K, Marcopulos B A. Use of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in individuals with FSIQ < 70.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 880
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Victor T, Boone K. The validity of using effort tests in a mentally retarded population.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 879-880
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Duncan A. The impact of cognitive and psychiatric impairment of psychotic disorders on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM).  Assess. 2005;  12 123-129
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Gorissen M, Sanz J C, Schmand B. Effort and cognition in schizophrenia patients.  Schizophr Res. 2005;  78 199-208
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Courtney J C, Dinkins J P, Kuroski K. Age related effects in children taking the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias and Word Memory Test.  Child Neuropsychol. 2003;  9 109-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Green P, Flaro L. Word Memory Test performance in children.  Child Neuropsychol. 2003;  9 189-207
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Lu P H, Boone K B. Suspect cognitive symptoms in a 9-year-old child: malingering by proxy?.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  16 90-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Beblo T, Menne A. Prüfung von Analphabetismus durch modifizierten Farb-Wort-Interferenztest: Eine Einzelfallstudie.  Z Neuropsychol. 2004;  15 1-5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Bianchini K J, Greve K W, Love J M. Definite malingered neurocognitive dysfunction in moderate/severe traumatic brain injury.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 574-580
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Denney R L. Competency to stand trial.  APA Newsletter 40 Div Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  21 (2) 1, 9-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Krahn L E. Reevaluating spells initially identified as cataplexy.  Sleep Med. 2005;  6 537-542
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Taylor L A, Kreutzer J S, West D D. Evaluation of malingering cut-off scores for the Rey 15-Item Test: a brain injury case study series.  Brain Inj. 2003;  17 295-308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Merten T, Puhlmann H U. Symptomvalidierungstestung (SVT) bei Verdacht auf eine Simulation oder Aggravation neurokognitiver Störungen: ein Fallbericht.  Versicherungsmed. 2004;  56 67-71
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Vickery C D, Berry D TR, Dearth C S, Vagnini V L, Baser R E, Cragar D E, Orey S A. Head injury and the ability to feign neuropsychological deficits.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 37-48
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Hartman D E. The unexamined lie is a lie worth fibbing. Neuropsychological malingering and the Word Memory Test.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 709-714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Rey A. L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique.  Arch Psychol. 1941;  28 286-340
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Rey A. L'examen clinique en psychologie. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Paris 1958
    Google Scholar
  • 57 Inman T H, Berry D TR. Cross-validation of indicators of malingering: A comparison of nine neuropsychological tests, four tests of malingering, and behavioral observations.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 1-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Reznek L. The Rey 15-item memory test for malingering: a meta-analysis.  Brain Inj. 2005;  19 539-543
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Boone K B, Lu P, Back C, King C, Lee A, Philpott L, Shamieh E, Warner-Chacon K. Sensitivity and specificity of the Rey Dot Counting Test in patients with suspect effort and various clinical samples.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 625-642
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Boone K B, Salazar X, Lu P, Warner-Chacon K, Razani J. The Rey 15-Item recognition trial: A technique to enhance sensitivity of the Rey 15-Item memorization test.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;  24 561-573
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Paul D S, Franzen M D, Cohen S H, Fremouw W. An investigation into the reliability and validity of two tests used in the detection of dissimulation.  Int J Clin Neuropsychol. 1992;  14 1-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Fisher H L, Rose D. Comparison of the effectiveness of two versions of the Rey Memory Test in discriminating between actual and simulated memory impairment, with and without the addition of a standard memory test.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;  27 840-858
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 McCaffrey R J, O'Bryant S E, Ashendorf L, Fisher J M. Correlations among the TOMM, Rey-15, and MMPI-2 validity scales in a sample of TBI litigants.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  3 45-530
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Heinze M C. Developing sensitivity to distortion: utility of psychological tests in differentiating malingering and psychopathology in criminal defendants.  J Forens Psychiatr Psychol. 2003;  14 151-177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Schmand B, Lindeboom J. Amsterdam Short-Term Memory-Test - Amsterdamer Kurzeitgedächtnistest. Manual - Handanweisung. Leiden: PITS 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Bolan B, Foster J K, Schmand B, Bolan S. A comparison of three tests to detect feigend amnesia: the effects of feedback and the measurement of response latency.  J Clin Ex Neuropsychol. 2002;  24 154-167
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Hout M SE van, Schmand B, Wekking E M, Hageman G, Deelman B G. Suboptimal performance on neuropsychological tests in patients with suspected chronic toxic encephalopathy.  NeuroToxicol. 2003;  24 547-551
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Merten T, Henry M, Hilsabeck R. Symptomvalidierungstests in der neuropsychologischen Diagnostik: eine Analogstudie.  Z Neuropsychol. 2004;  15 81-90
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Kapur N. The coin-in-the-hand test: A new “bedside” test for the detection of malingering in patients with suspected memory disorder.  J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 1994;  57 385-386
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Bilbao A, Bile A, Bombín I. Factors influencing the performance of simulators of memory deficits.  J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;  8 485
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Colwell K, Sjerven E R. The “Coin-in-Hand” stratagem for the forensic assessment of malingering.  Am J Forens Psychol. 2005;  23 83-89
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Allen L M, Conder R L, Green P, Cox D R. CARB 97 Manual for the Computerized Assessment of Response Bias. Durham: CogniSyst 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Allen L M, Iverson G L, Green P. Computerized Assessment of Response Bias in forensic neuropsychology.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  3 205-225
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Gervais R O, Rohling M L, Green P, Ford W. A comparison of WMT, CARB, and TOMM failure rates in non-head injury disability claimants.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 475-487
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Hiscock M, Hiscock D. Refining the forced-choice method for the detection of malingering.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1989;  11 967-974
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Chiu V WY, Lee T MC. Detection of malingering behavior at different levels of task difficulty in Hong Kong Chinese.  Rehab Psychol. 2002;  47 194-203
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Woods S P, Conover E, Weinborn M, Rippeth J D, Brill R M, Heaton R K, Grant I. Base rates of Hiscock Digit Memory Test failure in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 383-389
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Inman T H, Vickery C, Berry D, Lamb D, Edwards C, Smith G. Development and initial validation of a new procedure evaluating adequacy of effort given during neuropsychological testing: the Letter Memory Test.  Psychol Assess. 1998;  10 128-139
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Green P. Green's Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for Microsoft Windows. User's Manual. Edmonton: Green's Publishing 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 80 Chafetz M, Abrahams J. Green's MACT helps identify internal predictors of effort in the social security disability exam.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 889-890
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Merten T, Green P, Henry M, Blaskewitz N, Brockhaus R. Analog validation of German-language symptom validity tests and the influence of coaching.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 719-726
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Teichner G, Waid L, Buddin W. The Memory and Concentration Test (MACT): data from a clinical sample demonstrating a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 893
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Gubbay J. Guidelines for 1-in-5 Test. Unpubliziertes Testmaterial. Sydney, oJ
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Tydecks S, Merten T, Gubbay J. .  Int J Forens Psychol. in press; 
    PubMed
  • 85 Binder L M. Portland Digit Recognition Test manual. 2nd ed. Portland: Private Publication 1993
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Binder L M. The Portland Digit Recognition Test: a review of validation data and clinical use.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  2 27-41
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Gunstad J, Suhr J A. Use of the abbreviated Portland Digit Recognition Test in simulated malingering and neurological groups.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2004;  4 33-47
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Doane B M, Greve K W, Bianchini K J. Agreement between the abbreviated and standard Portland Digit Recognition Test.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  19 99-104
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Temple R O, McBride A M, Horner M D, Taylor R M. Personality characteristics of patients showing suboptimal cognitive effort.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 402-409
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Strauss E, Slick D J, Levy-Bencheton J, Hunter M, MacDonald S WS, Hultsch D F. Intraindividual variability as an indicator of malingering in head injury.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 423-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Tombaugh T. Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems 1996
    Google Scholar
  • 92 Constantinou M, Bauer L, Ashendorf L, Fisher J M, McCaffrey R J. Is poor performance on recognition memory effort measures indicative of generalized poor performance on neuropsychological tests?.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 191-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Teichner G, Wagner M T. The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): normative data from cognitively intact, cognitively impaired, and elderly patients with dementia.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 455-464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Ramírez R M, Chirivella-Garrido J, Caballero M C, Ferri-Campos J, Noé-Sebastián E. Inteligencia, memoria y simulación: correlationes entre instrumentos de medida.  Rev Neurol. 2004;  38 28-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Heubrock D, Petermann F. Testbatterie zur Forensischen Neuropsychologie, TBFN. Testmanual. Neuropsychologische Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht. Frankfurt: Swets Test Services 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 96 Heubrock D, Eberl I, Petermann F. Neuropsychologische Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht. Empirische Bewährung der Bremer Symptom-Validierung als simulationssensibles Untersuchungsverfahren.  Z Neuropsychol. 2002;  13 45-58
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Slick D J, Hopp G, Strauss E, Thompson G. Victoria Symptom Validity Test. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 98 Thompson G B. The Victoria Symptom Validity Test: an enhanced test of symptom validity.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  2 43-67
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Slick D J, Tan J E, Strauss E H, Mateer C A, Harnadek M, Sherman E M. Victoria Symptom Validity test scores of patients with profound memory impairment: NonLitigant case studies.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 390-394
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Loring D W, Lee G P, Meador K J. Victoria Symptom Validity Test performance in non-litigating epilepsy surgery candidates.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;  27 610-617
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Hilsabeck R C, LeCompte D C, Marks A R, Grafman J. The Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT): a new test to detect malingered memory deficits.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2001;  16 669-677
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Hilsabeck R C, Gouvier W D. Detecting simulated memory impairment: further validation of the Word Completion Memory Test (WCMT).  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 1025-1041
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Green P. Green's Word Memory Test. User's Manual. Edmonton: Green's Publishing 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 104 Brockhaus R, Merten T. Neuropsychologische Diagnostik suboptimalen Leistungsverhaltens mit dem Word Memory Test.  Nervenarzt. 2004;  75 882-887
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Schmidt-Atzert L, Bühner M, Rischen S, Warkentin V. Erkennen von Simulation und Dissimulation im Test d2.  Diagn. 2004;  50 124-133
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Iverson G L, Lange R T, Green P, Franzen M D. Detecting exaggeration and malingering with the Trail Making Test.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  16 398-406
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 O'Bryant S E, Hilsabeck R C, Fisher J M, McCaffrey R J. Utility of the Trail Making Test in the assessment of malingering in a sample of mild traumatic brain injury litigants.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 69-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Ashendorf L, O'Bryant S E, McCaffrey R J. Specificity of malingering detection strategies in older adults using the CVLT and WSCT.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 255-262
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Jelicic M, Meys C, Merckelbach H, Stapert S. De 15 woorden-leertest: niet geschikt om het simularen van geheugenstoornissen te detecteren.  Nederl Tijdschr Psychol Grensgeb. 2003;  58 63-68
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Meyers J E, Meyers K R. Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial. Professional Manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 111 Barrash J, Suhr J, Manzel K. Detecting poor effort and malingering with an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLTX): Validation with clinical samples.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;  26 125-140
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Suhr J, Gunstad J, Greub B, Barrash J. Exaggeration index for an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test: robustness to coaching.  J Clin Exp Neuropychol. 2004;  26 416-427
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Powell M R, Gfeller J D, Oliveri M V, Stanton S, Hendricks B. The Rey AVLT serial position effect: A useful indicator of symptom exaggeration?.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  18 465-476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Silverberg N, Barrash J. Further validation of the expanded auditory verbal learning test for detecting poor effort and response bias: data from temporal lobectomy candidates.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;  27 907-914
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Demakis G J. Application of clinically-derived malingering cutoffs on the California Verbal Learning Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test-Revised to an analog malingering study.  Appl Neuropsychol. 2004;  11 222-228
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Moore B A, Donders J. Predictors of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury.  Brain Inj. 2004;  18 975-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Borckhard J J, Engum E S, Lambert E W, Nash M, Bracy O L, Ray E C. Use of the CBDI to detect malingering when malingerers do their “homework”.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 57-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Reitan R M, Wolfson D. Detection of malingering and invalid test results using the Halstead-Reitan Battery.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  3 275-314
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Mittenberg W, Aguila-Puentes G, Patton C, Canyock E M, Heilbronner R L. Neuropsychological profiling of symptom exaggeration and malingering.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  3 227-240
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Forrest T J, Allen D N, Goldstein G. Malingering indexes for the Halstead Category Test.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  18 334-347
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Ross S R, Krukowski R A, Putnam S H, Adams K M. The Memory Assessment Scales in the detection of incomplete effort in mild head injury.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 581-591
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 O'Bryant S E, Duff K, Fisher J, McCaffrey R J. Performance profiles and cut-off scores on the Memory Assessment Scales.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 489-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Millis S R. Warrington's Recognition Memory Test in the detection of response bias.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  2 147-166
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Lu P H, Boone K B, Cozolino L, Mitchell C. Effectiveness of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Meyers and Meyers recognition trial in the detection of suspect effort.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 426-440
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 McKinzey R K, Prieler J, Raven J. Detection of children's malingering on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices.  Brit J Clin Psychol. 2003;  42 95-99
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Lu P H, Boone K B, Jimenez N, Razani J. Failure to inhibit the reading response on the Stroop Test: a pathognomonic indicator of suspect effort.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;  26 180-189
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Cannon B C. An emotional Stroop effect to malingering-related words.  Percept Motor Skills. 2003;  96 827-834
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Bender S D, Rogers R. Detection of neurocognitive feigning: development of a multi-strategy assessment.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 49-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Leark R A, Dixon D, Hoffman T, Hyunh D. Fake bad test response bias effects on the Test of Variables of Attention.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 335-342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Henry G K. Probable malingering and performance on the Test of Variables of Attention.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  19 121-129
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Martin T A, Hoffman N M, Donders J. Clinical Utility of the Trail Making Test ratio score.  Appl Neuropsychol. 2003;  10 163-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Glassmire D M, Bierley R A, Wisniewski A M, Greene R L, Kennedy J E, Date E. Using the WMS-III Faces subtest to detect malingered memory impairment.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;  25 465-481
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Hilsabeck R C, Thompson M D, Irby J W, Adams R L, Scott J G, Gouvier W D. Partial cross-validation of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) General Memory - Attention/Concentration Malingering Index in a nonlitigating sample.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 71-79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Lange R T, Sullivan K, Anderson D. Ecological validity of the WMS-III Rarely Missed Index in personal injury litigants.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005;  27 412-424
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Heinly M T, Greve K W, Bianchini K J, Love J M, Brennan A. WAIS Digit Span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: classification accuracy in traumatic brain injury.  Assess. 2005;  12 429-444
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 King J H, Sweet J J, Sherer M, Curtiss G, Vanderploeg R D. Validity indicators within the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Application of new and previously researched multivariate procedures in multiple traumatic brain injury samples.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  16 506-523
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Greve K W, Bianchini K J, Mathias C W, Houston R J, Crouch J A. Detecting malingered performance with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a preliminary investigation in traumatic brain injury.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  16 179-191
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Meyers J E, Volbrecht M E. A validation of multiple malingering detection methods in a large clinical sample.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 261-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 139 Nelson N W, Boone K B, Dueck A, Wagener L, Lu P, Grills C. Relationship between eight measures of suspect effort.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 263-272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 140 Backhaus S L, Fichtenberg N L, Hanks R A. Detection of sub-optimal performance using a floor effect strategy in patients with traumatic brain injury.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  18 591-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 141 Binder L M, Kelly M P, Villanueva M R, Winslow M M. Motivation and neuropsychological test performance following mild head injury.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003;  25 420-430
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 142 Larrabee G J. Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 410-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 143 Schiemann S. Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Testbatterie zur Diagnostik bei Simulationsverdacht.  Psychol Sc. 2003;  45 80-100
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 144 Holmquist L A, Wanlass R L. A multidimensional approach towards malingering detection.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 143-156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 145 Franke G H. Faking bad in personality inventories: consequences for the clinical context.  Psychog Beitr. 2002;  44 50-61
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 146 Lees-Haley P R, Iverson G L, Lange R T, Fox D D, Allen L M. Malingering in forensic neuropsychology: Daubert and the MMPI-2.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2002;  3 167-203
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 147 Rogers R, Sewell K W, Martin M A, Vitacco M J. Detection of feigned mental disorders. A meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 and malingering.  Assess. 2003;  10 160-177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 148 Lees-Haley P R, English L T, Glenn W J. A fake bad scale on the MMPI-2 for personal injury claimants.  Psychol Rep. 1991;  68 203-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 149 Arbisi P A, Butcher J N. Failure of the FBS to predict malingering of somatic symptoms: Reponse to critiques by Greve and Bianchini and Lees Haley and Fox.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 341-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 150 Butcher J N, Arbisi P A, Atlis M M, McNulty J L. The construct validity of the Lees-Haley Fake Bad Scale. Does this scale measure somatic malingering and feigned emotional distress?.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 473-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 151 Greve K W, Bianchini K J. Response to Butcher et al. The construct validity of the Lees-Haley Fake Bad Scale.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 337-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 152 Lees-Haley P R, Fox D D. Commentary on Butcher, Arbisi, Atlis, and McNulty (2003) on the Fake Bad Scale.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 333-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 153 Martinez G, Mittenberg W, Gass C S, Quintar B. Validation of the MMPI-2 FBS scale in clinical malingerers and nonlitigating patients.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 885
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 154 Woltersdorf M. Validation of FBS across a clinical and forensic midwest population.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 884-885
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 155 Greiffenstein M F, Baker W J, Gola T, Donders J, Miller L. The Fake Bad Scale in atypical and severe closed head injury litigants.  J Clin Psychol. 2002;  58 1591-1600
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 156 Larrabee G J. Detection of symptom exaggeration with the MMPI-2 in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  17 395-401
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 157 Larrabee G J. Exaggerated MMPI-2 symptom report in personal injury litigants with malingered neurocognitive deficit.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 673-686
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 158 Ross S R, Millis S R, Krukowski R A, Putnam S H, Adams K M. Detecting incomplete effort on the MMPI-2: an examination of the Fake-Bad-Scale in mild head injury.  J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;  26 115-124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 159 Gervais R O. A response bias scale for the MMPI-2: development and preliminary findings. Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Neuropsychology. Seattle November 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 160 Gervais R O. Development of a response bias scale for the MMPI-2.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 891
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 161 Cima M, Hollnack S, Kremer K, Knauer E, Schellbach-Matties R, Klein B, Merckelbach H. „Strukturierter Fragebogen Simulierter Symptome”. Die deutsche Version des „Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology: SIMS”.  Nervenarzt. 2003;  74 977-986
    Google Scholar
  • 162 Widows M R, Smith G P. SIMS - Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology. Professional Manual. Lutz: Psychological Assessment Resources 2005
    Google Scholar
  • 163 Merckelbach H, Smith G P. Diagnostic accuracy of the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS) in detecting instructed malingering.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2003;  18 145-152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 164 Lewis J L, Simcox A M, Berry T R. Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology.  Psychol Assess. 2002;  14 170-176
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 165 Miller H A. Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources 2001
    Google Scholar
  • 166 Guy L S, Miller H A. Screening for malingered psychopathology in a correctional setting. Utility of the Miller-Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (M-FAST).  Crim Just Behav. 2004;  31 695-716
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 167 Jackson R L, Rogers R, Sewell K W. Forensic applications of the Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test (MFAST): Screening for feigned disorders in competency to stand trial evaluations.  Law Human Behav. 2005;  29 199-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 168 Miller H A. Examining the use of the M-FAST with criminal defendants incompetent to stand trial.  Int J Offender Th Comp Criminol. 2004;  48 268-280
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 169 Guriel J, Yañez T, Fremouw W, Shreve-Neiger A, Ware L, Flicheck H, Farr C. Impact of coaching on malingered posttraumatic stress symptoms on the M-FAST and the TSI.  J Forens Psychol Pract. 2003;  4 37-56
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 170 Palermo G B. Editorial: A look at malingering.  Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2004;  48 265-267
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 171 Rogers R, Bagby R, Dickens S E. Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 172 McCusker P J, Moran M J, Serfass L, Peterson K H. Comparability of the MMPI-2 F(p) and F scales and the SIRS in clinical use with suspected malingerers.  Int J Offender Th Comp Criminol. 2003;  47 585-596
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 173 Schrep B. Treppensturz im Schulkeller.  Spiegel. 2005;  31 34-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 174 Baxendale S. Memories aren't made of this: amnesia at the movies.  Brit Med J. 2004;  329 18-25
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 175 Kopelman M D. The assessment of psychogenic amnesia. In: Baddeley AD, Wilson BA, Watts FN (eds). Handbook of Memory Disorders. Chicester: Wiley 1995: 427-448
    Google Scholar
  • 176 Cima M, Merckelbach H, Nijman H, Knauer E, Hollnack S. I can't remember your honor: Offenders who claim amnesia.  German J Psychiatr. 2002;  5 24-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 177 Denney R L. Symptom Validity Testing of remote memory in a criminal forensic setting.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1996;  11 589-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 178 Frederick R I, Carter M, Powel J. Adapting symptom validity testing to evaluate suspicious complaints of amnesia in medicolegal evaluations.  Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995;  23 231-237
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 179 Bylin S. How does repeated simulation of memory impairment affect genuine memory performance?.  Psychol Crime Law. 2002;  4 265-288
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 180 Cima M, Merckelbach H, Hollnack S, Knauer E. Characteristics of psychiatric prison inmates who claim amnesia.  Personal Indic Diff. 2003;  35 373-380
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 181 Cima M, Nijman H, Merckelbach H, Kremer K, Hollnack S. Claims of crime-related amnesia in forensic patients.  Int J Law Psychiatr. 2004;  27 215-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 182 Ferraro F R, Park R V, Hage H, Palm S. Inhibiting irrelevant information in malingered amnesia.  Psychol Rec. 2005;  55 125-134
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 183 Jelicic M, Merckelbach H, Bergen S van. Symptom validity testing of feigned amnesia for a mock crime.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  19 525-531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 184 Jelicic M, Merckelbach H, Bergen S van. Symptom validity testing of feigned crime-related amnesia: a simulation study.  J Credibil Assess Witness Psychol. 2004;  5 1-8
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 185 Merckelbach H, Hauer B, Rassin E. Symptom validity testing of feigned dissociative amnesia: a simulation study.  Psychol Crime Law. 2002;  8 311-318
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 186 Miller A R, Rosenfeld P J, Soskins M, Jhee M. P300 amplitude and topography in an autobiographical oddball paradigm involving simulated amnesia.  J Psychophysiol. 2002;  16 1-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 187 Oorsouw K van, Merckelbach H. Feigning amnesia undermines memory for a mock crime.  Appl Cogn Psychol. 2004;  18 505-518
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 188 Oorsouw K van, Merckelbach H. Simulating amnesia and memories of a mock crime. Psychol Crime Law 2004 12: 261-271
    Google Scholar
  • 189 Fabra M. Das so genannte Traumakriterium (A-Kriterium des DSM-IV) der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung und seine Bedeutung für die Sozial- und Sachversicherung (I).  Versicherungsmed. 2002;  54 178-181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 190 Leonhardt M, Foerster K. Probleme bei der Begutachtung der posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung.  Med Sach. 2003;  99 150-155
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 191 Thomann K D, Rauschmann M. Von der „railway spine” zum Schleudertrauma - Geschichte und aktuelle Bedeutung seelischer Störungen nach entschädigungspflichtigen Ereignissen.  Z ges Versicherungswiss. 2003;  3 533-577
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 192 Thomann K D, Rauschmann M. Schleudertrauma und „railway spine” (I).  Versicherungsmed. 2004;  56 131-135
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 193 Thomann K D, Rauschmann M. Schleudertrauma und „railway spine” (II).  Versicherungsmed. 2004;  56 183-186
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 194 Rubenzer S. Malingering psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment in personal injury settings.  For the Defense. 2005;  April 4-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 195 Rosen G M. Litigation and reported rates of posttraumatic stress disorder.  Personal Ind Diff. 2004;  36 1291-1294
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 196 Rosen G M. The Aleutian Enterprise sinking and posttraumatic stress disorder: misdiagnosis in clinical and forensic settings.  Profess Psychol Res Pract. 1995;  26 82-87
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 197 Lees-Haley P R. Commentary on “The detection of feigned uncoached and coached posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims”.  Int J Forens Psychol. 2004;  1 94-98
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 198 Bury A S, Bagby R M. The detection of feigned uncoached and coached posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims.  Psychol Assess. 2002;  14 472-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 199 Candel I, Merckelbach H. Peritraumatische dissociatie als voorspeller van posttraumatische stressstoornis: een kritische noot.  Tjidschr Psychiatr. 2003;  45 211-219
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 200 Candel I, Merckelbach H. Peritraumatic dissociation as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder: a critical review.  Compr Psychiatr. 2004;  45 44-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 201 Lindem K, White R F, Heeren T, Proctor S P, Krengel M, Vasterling J, Wolfe J, Sutker P B, Kirkley S, Keane T M. Neuropsychological performance in gulf war era veterans: motivational factors and effort.  J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2003;  25 129-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 202 Rosen G M, Powel J E. Use of a symptom validity test in the forensic assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder.  Anx Disorders. 2003;  17 361-367
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 203 Stevens A. Die Begutachtung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung.  Nervenarzt. 2005;  76, Supplement 1 28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 204 Guriel J, Fremouw W. Assessing malingered posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review.  Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;  23 881-904
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 205 Rosen G M. DSM's cautionary guideline to rule out malingering can protect the PTSD data base. Anx Disorders, in press
    Google Scholar
  • 206 Buckley T C, Galovsky T, Blanchard E B, Hickling E J. Is the emotional stroop paradigm sensitive to malingering? A between-groups study with professional actors and actual trauma survivors.  J Traum Stress. 2003;  16 59-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 207 DeViva J C, Bloem W D. Symptom exaggeration and compensation seeking among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.  J Traum Stress. 2003;  16 503-507
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 208 Elhai J D, Ruggiero K J, Frueh B C, Beckham J C, Gold P B, Feldman M E. The infrequency-posttraumatic stress disorder scale (Fptsd) for the MMPI-2: Development and initial validation with veterans presenting with combat-related PTSD.  J Personal Assess. 2002;  79 531-549
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 209 Elhai J D, Naifeh J A, Zucker I S, Gold S N, Deitsch S E, Frueh B C. Discriminating malingered from genuine civilian posttraumatic stress disorder. A validation of three MMPI-2 infrequency scales (F, Fp, Fptsd).  Asssess. 2004;  11 139-144; Errata: Assess 2004; 11: 271
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 210 Elhai J D, Gray M J, Naifeh J A, Butcher J J, Davis J L, Falsetti S A, Best C L. Utility of Trauma Symptom Inventory's atypical response scale in detecting malingered post-traumatic stress disorder.  Assess. 2005;  12 210-219
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 211 Greiffenstein M F, Baker W J, Axelrod B, Peck E A, Gervais R. The Fake Bad Scale and MMPI-2 F-Family in detection of implausible psychological trauma claims.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;  18 573-590
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 212 McGuire B E. Malingered post-traumatic stress symptoms on the Impact of Event Scale.  Legal Criminol Psychol. 2002;  7 165-171
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 213 Widder B, Egle U T, Foerster K, Schiltenwolf M. Leitlinien für die Begutachtung von Schmerzen (Version 9.21).  Akt Neurol. 2005;  32 149-154
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 214 Eisendrath S J. Psychiatric aspects of chronic pain.  Neurol. 1995;  45 (Suppl 9) 826-834
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 215 Sullivan M. Exaggerated pain behavior: By what standard?.  Clin J Pain. 2004;  20 433-439
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 216 Craig K D, Badali M A. Introduction to the special series on pain deception and malingering.  Clin J Pain. 2004;  20 377-382
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 217 Bianchini K J, Etherton J L, Greve K W. Diagnosing cognitive malingering in patients with work-related pain: four cases.  J Forens Neuropsychol. 2004;  4 65-85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 218 Bianchini K J, Greve K W, Glynn G. On the diagnosis of malingered pain-related disability: lessons from cognitive malingering research.  Spine J. 2005;  5 404-417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 219 Nicholson K, Martelli M F. The problem of pain.  J Head Trauma Rehab. 2004;  19 2-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 220 Etherton J L, Bianchini K J, Ciota M A, Heinly M T, Greve K W. Pain, malingering, and the WAIS-III working memory index. Spine J, in press
    Google Scholar
  • 221 Etherton J L, Bianchini K J, Greve K W, Heinly M T. Sensitivity and specificity of Reliable Digit Span in malingered pain-related disability.  Assess. 2005;  12 30-136
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 222 Etherton J L, Bianchini K J, Heinly M T, Greve K W. Pain, malingering, and performance in the WAIS-III processing speed index. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol, in press
    Google Scholar
  • 223 Fishbain D A, Cutler R B, Rosomoff H L, Steele-Rosomoff R. Does the Conscious Exaggeration Scale detect deception within patients with chronic pain alleged to have secondary gain?.  Pain Med. 2002;  3 39-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 224 Hill M L, Craig K D. Detecting deception in pain expressions: the structure of genuine and deceptive facial displays.  Pain. 2002;  98 135-144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 225 Hill M L, Craig K D. Detecting deception in facial expressions of pain: accuracy and training.  Clin J Pain. 2004;  20 415-422
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 226 Larrabee G J. Exaggerated pain report in litigants with malingered neurocognitive dysfunction.  Clin Neuropsychol. 2003d;  17 395-401
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 227 Meyers J E, Millis S R, Volkert K. A validity index for the MMPI-2.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2002;  17 157-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 228 Iverson G L, Brooks B L, Zakrzewski M J. Neuropsychiatric inpatients with dementia perform well on the TOMM.  Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2005;  20 882
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 229 Miller A R, Rosenfeld P J. Response-specific scalp distributions in deception detection and ERP correlates of psychopathic personality traits.  J Psychophysiol. 2004;  18 13-26
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 230 Spence S A, Hunter M D, Farrow T FD, Green R D, Leung D H, Hughes C J, Venkatasubramanian G. A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: evidence from functional neuroimaging.  Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 2004;  359 1755-1762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 231 Tardif H P, Barry R J, Johnstone S J. Event-related potentials reveal processing differences in honest vs. malingered memory performance.  Internat J Psychophysiol. 2002;  46 147-158
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

1 L = Lie, F = Infrequency, K = Correction, Fb = Back Infrequency, F(p) = Infrequency-Psychopathology, VRIN = Variable Response Inconsistency, TRIN = True Response Inconsistency, Es = Ego Strength, Ds = Dissimulation, Dsr = Dissimulation-Revised, FBS = Fake Bad Scale

Dr. Thomas Merten

Vivantes Netzwerk für Gesundheit, Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Klinik für Neurologie

Landsberger Allee 49

10249 Berlin

eMail: thomas.merten@vivantes.de