Partikuläre Belastungssituation in Innenräumen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Wohninnenräumen, Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen und Gaststätten

Zusammenfassung

Verschiedene epidemiologische Studien haben in den letzten Jahren den Zusammenhang zwischen der Außenluftbelastung mit Schadstoffen und gesundheitlichen Beschwerden/Erkrankungen beleuchtet. Der Fokus hat sich dabei in Richtung auf die partikulären Luftinhaltsstoffe und hier insbesondere auf die feinen und ultrafeinen Partikel verschoben. Während Partikelmessungen in der Außenluft häufig durchgeführt werden, gibt es, auch aufgrund ihrer Komplexität, deutlich weniger Daten zur Belastung von Innenräumen. Insgesamt sind die Feinstaubgehalte in Innenräumen stark von verschiedenen Einflussfaktoren abhängig, z. B. von der Art der Quelle, den baulichen Bedingungen der Gebäude/Räume, den Aktivitäten der Raumnutzer und den Lüftungsbedingungen. Im Weiteren soll die Belastungssituation in Innenräumen zusammenfassend dargestellt werden. In verschiedenen europäischen Untersuchungen ergaben sich in Wohnungen mittlere PM_2,5-Gehalte von 10 - 87 µg/m³. In Raucherwohnungen zeigt sich eine höhere Grundbelastung als in Nichtraucherwohnungen, die während des Rauchvorgangs nochmals deutlich höher liegt (teilweise Konzentrationen von einigen hundert µg/m³). Eine besondere Belastungssituation scheint in Gemeinschaftsräumen (z. B. Schulen) zu bestehen. Die Ursachen hierfür liegen im Zusammenwirken verschiedener Faktoren, vor allen Dingen den schlechten Lüftungsbedingungen, der unzureichenden Reinigung der Räume und der oft hohen Anzahl und körperlichen Aktivität der Schüler, die zu beständigen Resuspensionsvorgängen von sedimentierten Partikeln führen. Außergewöhnlich hohe Feinstaubgehalte können in Gaststätten und vergleichbaren Einrichtungen beobachtet werden, die sich im Mittel bis zu einigen hundert µg/m³ bewegen können. Maßnahmen für einen gezielten Nichtraucherschutz scheinen in diesen Einrichtungen dringend erforderlich. Weitere Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die Stäube in ihrer morphologischen und chemischen Zusammensetzung genauer zu charakterisieren und ihr biologisches/toxisches Potenzial im Vergleich zu Außenluftstäuben zu ermitteln.

Abstract

Numerous epidemiological studies have been carried out during the last decades which have demonstrated an association between the pollution of outside air with toxic substances and the occurrence of health-related effects. Against the background of these findings, particularly in recent years, the focus of research has clearly shifted towards particulate matter (PM), notable fine and ultrafine particles. While diverse measurements of PM in the outside air have been conducted, only few data on indoor air pollution are available. The concentration of PM in the indoor environment is highly variable in time and space due to various influencing factors like type of the source, building and room characteristics, the activities of users and the airing behaviour. In this article we aim to summarise and discuss the exposure situation regarding PM in indoor environments. In residences, European studies have found mean PM_2.5 values between 10 and 87 µg/m³. Especially in smokers’ homes, a high background level was observed, reaching very high concentrations of some hundred µg/m³ when active smoking took place. There are some studies on air quality in schools and similar public places which show that exposure to particulate matter in these environments is high. The main causes of this situation appear to be an insufficient ventilation routine as well as the low frequency and quality of cleaning. In combination with the high number of pupils in relation to room area and volume and their sometimes high physical activity, this leads to a continued resuspension of particles from the room’s surfaces. A very high concentration of PM can be observed in those recreational places where smoking is not prohibited, such as discotheques, pubs and restaurants. Here, the mean PM values can reach some hundred µg/m³. Specific strategies are necessary to especially protect the health of non-smokers in such places. Further investigations are needed to characterise the composition of indoor particles and their toxicological properties compared to particles from outdoor origin.

Schlüsselwörter

Feinstaub - PM - Innenraum - Schulen - Gaststätten

Key words

particulate matter - PM - indoor - schools - pubs - restaurants

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