Die enterische Glia und neurotrophe Faktoren

Zusammenfassung

Die enterische Glia stellt eine essenzielle Zellentität im Gastrointestinaltrakt dar. Ohne die glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) exprimierende Glia ist ein Überleben des Organismus nicht möglich. Dies wurde in einem Tiermodell demonstriert. Bei Verlust der enterischen GFAP-positiven glialen Zellen sterben die Tiere in kürzester Zeit an einer schweren hämorrhagischen Darmentzündung. Die Mechanismen der enterischen Glia, diese letal endende Darmentzündung zu verhindern und die Darmhomöostase aufrechtzuerhalten, sind noch unbekannt. Es verdichten sich jedoch die Hinweise, dass die Sekretion neurotropher Faktoren durch die enterische Glia ein Bestandteil der glialen Homöostaseregulation zu sein scheint. Hierbei spielt die Sekretion von glia cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) und transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die epitheliale Homöostase, und die Sekretion von Endothelinen könnte an der intestinalen Vasoregulation beteiligt sein. Diese neuen Aspekte der glialen Funktion im Darm legen mögliche Therapieansätze bei Erkrankungen wie M. Crohn und dem Reizdarmsyndrom nahe.

Abstract

Enteric glia cells (EGCs) play an important role in the maintenance of tissue integrity in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, genetic ablation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive EGCs in mice induced fatal haemorrhagic jejuno-ileitis and led to death within a few days. The exact mechanisms of EGC to contribute to gut homeostasis remain enigmatic. Several lines of evidence implicate that the secretion of neurotrophic factors by EGC may be a part of the glial regulation of gut homoeostasis. The secretion of glia cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) contributes to the maintenance of epithelial integrity and the secretion of endothelins might be involved in vasoregulation. These new aspects of intestinal glial functions implicate new therapeutic strategies for diseases like Crohn’s disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Schlüsselwörter

Morbus Crohn - chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankung - Kolon irritabile

Key words

Crohn’s disease - chronic inflammatory bowel diseases - irritable bowel syndrome

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