The Principle of Regulation in Biology - From Bone to Eating Behavior

Abbreviations

LHA lateral hypothalamic area

VMH ventro-medial hypothalamus

MFB medial forebrain bundle

ARC arcuate nucleus

PVN periventricular nucleus

DMN dorsomedial nucleus

NTS nucleus tractus solitarius

CCK cholecystokinin

MCH melanin-concentrating hormone

POMC pro-opiomelanocortin

5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine

NPY neuropeptide Y

αMSH alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

PTH parathormone

LH luteinizing hormone

SSI strength strain index

References

• 1 Anand B K, Brobeck J R. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats.  Yale J Biol Med. 1951;  24 123-140
• 2 Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London; John Murray 1859
• 3 Dover G. How genomic and developmental dynamics affect evolutionary processes.  BioEssays. 2000;  22 1153-1159
• 4 Duggan J P, Booth D A. Obesity, overeating and rapid gastric emptying in rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.  Science. 1986;  231 609-611
• 5 Frege G. Der Gedanke - Eine logische Untersuchung. Patzig G Logische Untersuchungen. Göttingen; Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht 1966: 30-53
• 6 Fricke O, Tutlewski B, Stabrey A, Schoenau E. A cybernetic approach to osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa.  J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2005;  5 155-161
• 7 Friedman J M, Halaas J L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals.  Nature. 1998;  395 760-763
• 8 Frost H M, Schoenau E. The “Muscle-Bone-Unit” in children and adolescents: A 2000 overview.  J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;  13 571-579
• 9 Frost H M. A 2003 update of bone physiology and Wolff's Law for clinicians.  Angle Orthod. 2004;  74 3-15
• 10 Geary N. Estradiol and appetite.  Appetite. 2000;  35 273-274
• 11 Geary N, Asarian L, Korach K S, Pfaff D W, Ogawa S. Deficits in E2-dependent control of feeding, weight gain and cholecystokinin satiation in ER-alpha null mice.  Endocrinology. 2001;  142 4751-4754
• 12 Goedel K. Collected works. Feferman S et al. Collected works. Oxford; Oxford University Press 1990
• 13 Heisler L K, Cowley M A, Tecott L H, Fan W, Low M J, Smart J L, Rubinstein M, Tatro J B, Marcus J N, Holstege H, Lee C E, Cone R D, Elmquist J K. Activation of central melanocortin pathways by fenfluramine.  Science. 2002;  297 609-611
• 14 Holtkamp K, Hebebrand J, Mika C, Heer M, Heussen N, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. High serum leptin levels subsequent to weight gain predict renewed weight loss in patients with anorexia nervosa.  Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004;  29 791-797
• 15 Horvath T L, Diano S, Sotonyi P, Heiman M, Tschop M. Minireview: Ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance - a hypothalamic perspective.  Endocrinology. 2001;  142 4163-4169
• 16 Horvath T L. The hardship of obesity: a soft-wired hypothalamus.  Nature Neuroscience. 2005;  8 561-565
• 17 Inoue S, Bray G A, Mullen Y S. Transplantation of pancreatic beta-cells prevents development of hypothalamic obesity in rats.  Am J Physiol. 1978;  235 266-271
• 18 Kalra S P, Dube M G, Pu S, Xu B, Horvarth T L, Kalra P S. Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight.  Endocr Rev. 1999;  20 68-100
• 19 Kelly M J, Qiu J, Ronnekleiv O K. Estrogen modulation of G-protein-coupled receptor activation of potassium channels in the central nervous system.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;  1007 6-16
• 20 Krieger M S, Morrell J I, Pfaff D W. Autoradiographic localization of estradiol-concentrating cells in the female hamster brain.  Neuroendocrinology. 1976;  22 193-205
• 21 Leibowitz S, Alexander J. Hypothalamic serotonin in control of eating behavior, meal size and body weight.  Biol Psychiatry. 1998;  44 851-862
• 22 Levin B E. The drive to regain is mainly in the brain.  Am J Regul Integ Comp Physiol. 2004;  287 1297-1300
• 23 Ljung T, Ahlberg A C, Holm G, Friberg P, Andersson B, Eriksson E, Bjorntorp P. Treatment of abdominally obese men with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor: a pilot study.  J Intern Med. 2001;  250 219-224
• 24 Mantzoros C, Flier J S, Lesem M D, Brewerton T D, Jimerson D C. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin in anorexia nervosa: correlation with nutritional status and potential role in resistance to weight gain.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;  82 1845-1851
• 25 Marshall J F, Turner B H, Teitelbaum P. Sensory neglect produced by lateral hypothalamic damage.  Science. 1971;  174 523-525
• 26 Mong J A, Pfaff D W. Hormonal and genetic influences underlying arousal as it drives sex and aggression in animal and human brains.  Neurobiol Aging. 2003;  24 (Suppl. 1) 83-88
• 27 Morton G J, Mystkowski P, Matsumoto A M, Schwartz M W. Increased hypothalamic melanin concentrating hormone gene expression during energy restriction involves a melanocortin-independent, estrogen-sensitive mechanism.  Peptides. 2004;  25 667-674
• 28 Mystkowski P, Seeley R J, Hahn T M, Baskin D G, Havel P J, Matsumoto A M, Wilkinson C W, Peacock-Kinzig K, Blake K A, Schwartz M W. Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone and estrogen-induced weight loss.  Neurosci. 2000;  20 8637-8642
• 29 Nedergaard P, Sanchez C, Mellerup E. Different roles of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in regulation of female rat paced mating behaviour.  Behav Brain Res. 2004;  149 151-157
• 30 Nunez A A, Gray J M, Wade G N. Food intake and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity after hypothalamic estradiol benzoate implants in rats.  Physiol Behav. 1980;  25 595-598
• 31 Powley T L, Keesey R E. Relationship of body weight to the lateral hypothalmiac feeding syndrome.  J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1970;  70 25-36
• 32 Qiu J, Bosch M A, Tobias S C, Grandy D K, Scanlan T S, Ronnekleiv O K, Kelly M J. Rapid signaling of estrogen in hypothalamic neurons involves a novel G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor that activates protein kinase C.  J Neurosci. 2003;  23 9529-9540
• 33 Rand M N, Breedlove S M. Androgen locally regulates rat bulbus cavernosus and levator ani size.  J Neurobiol. 1992;  23 17-30
• 34 Russell B. Introduction to mathematical philosophy. London; George Allen and Unwin 1919
• 35 Schoenau E, Neu C M, Rauch F, Manz F. The development of bone strength at the proximal radius during childhood and adolescence.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;  86 613-618
• 36 Schoenau E, Frost H M. The “muscle-bone unit” in children and adolescents.  Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;  70 405-407
• 37 Schoenau E, Neu C M, Beck B, Manz F, Rauch F. Bone mineral content per muscle cross-sectional area as an index of the functional muscle-bone unit.  J Bone Miner Res. 2002;  17 1095-1101
• 38 Schoenau E, Fricke O, Rauch F. The regulation of bone development as a biological system.  Homo. 2003;  54 113-118
• 39 Schoenau E. The “functional muscle-bone unit”: a two-step diagnostic algorithm in pediatric bone disease.  Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;  20 356-359
• 40 Schwartz M W, Woods S C, Porte Jr D, Seeley R J, Baskin D G. Central nervous system control of food intake.  Nature. 2000;  404 661-671
• 41 Sorger P K. A reductionist's systems biology: opinion.  Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2005;  17 9-11
• 42 Steffens A B. Plasma insulin content in relation to blood glucose level and meal pattern in the normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rat.  Physiol Behav. 1970;  5 147-151
• 43 Stellar E. The physiology of motivation.  Psychol Rev. 1954;  61 5-22
• 44 Tschop M, Smiley D L, Heiman M L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents.  Nature. 2000;  407 908-913
• 45 Ungerstedt U. Adipsia and aphagia after 6-hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system.  Acta Physiol Scand. 1971;  367 (Suppl) 95-122
• 46 Wiener N. Cybernetics or control and communication in the animal and the machine. Cambridge; MIT Press 1948
• 47 Wittgenstein L. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. London; Routledge and Kegan 1961