Preparation, Premedication, and Surveillance

Introduction

The “State of the Art” section in Endoscopy has now been replaced by “Endoscopy Essentials”. For the last 8 years, either our Italian colleagues Dr. Lazzaroni and Professor Biancho Porro [1] or the present first author [2] have tried each year to give an overview of all relevant publications during the preceding 12 months. The editors of Endoscopy made an effort to restrict us to no more than 50 references per article, although last year we note that it crept up to 74 [1]! This year, the editors have been much more radical - our instructions were: “A maximum of five papers published in the last year are to be selected and for each paper selected, cite no more than four additional references.”

Choosing five publications was extremely difficult, and we will try to give reasons for selecting these in preference to a large number of arguably equally important and original papers. We feel that most of the important current issues were already well discussed in the last two state-of-the-art articles [1] [2], and we would suggest that this “Endoscopy Essentials” should be read in conjunction with them.

References

• 1 Lazzaroni M, Porro G B. Preparation, premedication and surveillance.  Endoscopy. 2005;  37 101-109
• 2 Bell G D. Preparation, premedication and surveillance.  Endoscopy. 2004;  36 23-31
• 3 Mui L M, Teoh Y BC, Ng E KW. et al . Premedication with orally administered midazolam in adults undergoing diagnostic upper endoscopy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 195-200
• 4 Leitch J, Kenny G, Anderson K. Conscious sedation for dental treatment: a reply.  Anaesthesia. 2005;  60 199
• 5 Greenblatt D J, Allen M D, Shader R I. Toxicity of high-dose flurazepam in the elderly.  Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1977;  21 355-361
• 6 Bell G D, Spickett G P, Reeve P A. et al . Intravenous midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a study of 800 consecutive cases relating dose to age and sex of patient.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;  23 241-243
• 7 Smith M, Bell G D, Quine A. et al . Small bolus injections of intravenous midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a study of 788 consecutive cases.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;  36 573-578
• 8 Quine M A, Bell G D, McCloy R F. et al . Prospective audit of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in two regions of England: safety, staffing and sedation methods.  Gut. 1995;  36 462-467
• 9 Castleden C M, George C F, Marcer D, Hallett C. Increased sensitivity to nitrazepam in old age.  Br Med J. 1977;  i 10-12
• 10 Kotb H I, El-Kady S A, Emara S E. et al . Pharmacokinetics of controlled release morphine (MST) in patients with liver carcinoma.  Br J Anaesth. 2005;  94 95-99
• 11 National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) .Scoping our practice: the 2004 report of the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. (ISBN 0-9539240-3-3). London; NCEPOD 2004: http://www.ncepod.org.uk/pdf/2004/04sum.pdf
• 12 Department of Health United Kingdom .An organisation with a memory. Report of an expert group on learning from adverse events in the NHS, chaired by the Chief Medical Officer. (ISBN 0-11-322441-9). London; The Stationery Office 2000: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/06/50/86/04 065 086.pdf
• 13 Heuss L T, Froehlich F, Beglinger C. Changing patterns of sedation and monitoring practice during endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland.  Endoscopy. 2005;  37 161-166
• 14 Arora A, Singh P. Colonoscopy in patients 80 years of age and older is safe, with high success rate and diagnostic yield.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 408-413
• 15 Priebe H J. Perioperative myocardial infarction: aetiology and prevention.  Br J Anaesth. 2005;  95 3-19
• 16 Lindenauer P K, Pekow P, Wang K. et al . Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery.  N Engl J Med. 2005;  353 349-361
• 17 Gangi S, Saidi F, Patel K. et al . Cardiovascular complications after GI endoscopy: occurrence and risks in a large hospital system.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 679-685
• 18 Christensen M, Matzen P, Schulze S, Rosenberg J. Complications of ERCP: a prospective study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 721-731
• 19 Cappell M S. Safety and efficacy of colonoscopy after myocardial infarction: an analysis of 100 study patients and 100 control patients at two tertiary cardiac referral hospitals.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 901-909
• 20 Yusoff I F, Raymond G, Sahai A V. Endoscopist administered propofol for upper-GI EUS is safe and effective: a prospective study in 500 patients.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 356-360
• 21 Fanti L, Agostoni M, Casati A. Target-controlled propofol infusion during monitored anesthesia in patients undergoing ERCP.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;  60 361-366
• 22 Frolich M A, Dennis D M, Shuster J A, Melker R J. Precision and bias of target controlled propofol infusion for sedation.  Br J Anaesth. 2005;  94 434-437
• 23 Kumar P. Propofol in endoscopy: why higher risk?.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 794
• 24 Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V, Gonvers J J. et al . Impact of colonic cleansing on quality and diagnostic yield of colonoscopy: the European Panel of Appropriateness of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy European multicenter study.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 378-384
• 25 Dai N, Gubler C, Hengstler P. et al . Improved capsule endoscopy after bowel preparation.  Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;  61 28-36
• 26 Heinrich H W. Industrial accident prevention: a scientific approach, 2nd ed. New York; McGraw-Hill 1941