Horm Metab Res 2005; 37(12): 717-721
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-921091
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Diagnosis and Management of Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla

I.  Ilias1 , K.  Pacak2
  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
  • 2Reproductive Biology and Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Further Information

Publication History

Received 18 May 2005

Accepted after revision 11 July 2005

Publication Date:
22 December 2005 (online)

Abstract

The adrenal medulla consists of chromaffin cells, the site of catecholamine biosynthesis. Pheochromocytomas are chromaffin-cell tumors; 80 - 85 % arise from the adrenal medulla and 15 - 20 % arise from extra-adrenal chromaffin tissues (paragangliomas). Neuroblastomas are primitive tumors that derive from the same blastic precursor as in pheochromocytomas, and are distributed along the sympathetic nervous system. Pheochromocytomas account for 6.5 % of incidentally discovered adrenal tumors; they are found in 50 % of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A) and 5 - 25 % of patients with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Neuroblastomas are the most common solid extra-cranial tumors in children, and account for 7 - 10 % of all tumors. The diagnosis of pheochromocytoma should first be established biochemically by measuring plasma free metanephrines (the measurement of urinary fractionated metanephrines is the second choice). Measurements of homovanillic acid (HVA), norepinephrine and vanilmandelic acid (VMA) in urine are a necessity in patients with suspected neuroblastoma. Anatomical (radiological) imaging with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is necessary for both pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. Functional (nuclear medicine) methods are useful for both tumors. Scintigraphy with [123I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine is the specific functional imaging test of first choice; if this is not available, scintigraphy with [131I]-MIBG is the second choice. Other newer specific modalities that have been used for evaluating pheochromocytomas include positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-F-fluorodopamine (F-DA) and [18F]-F-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). These should be used when MIBG scintigraphy is negative. Primary treatment for both types of tumor is surgical; chemotherapy is used for inoperable disease. After successful surgery, survival of patients with benign, sporadic pheochromocytomas is believed to be equal to that of the general population. Depending on the extent of disease and age, patients with neuroblastomas have cure rates of 15 - 90 %.

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Dr. Ioannis Ilias

Department of Pharmacology · Medical School · University of Patras

Rion-Patras GR-26504 · Greece

Fax: +30 2610 994 720

Email: iliasi@upatras.gr