Optimierung der antipsychotischen Therapie mit Olanzapin durch Augmentationsstrategien

Zusammenfassung

Anliegen: Wegen Therapieresistenz werden Antipsychotika oft in Kombination eingesetzt. Ein Überblick über Olanzapinaugmentationen wird unternommen. Methode: Recherche in medizinischen Datenbanken (Medline und BIOSIS). Ergebnisse: Unter 9 verschiedenen Antipsychotikaaugmentationen (16 Publ., 85 Pat.) wurde nur Sulpirid randomisiert getestet, andere psychotrope Substanzen wurden zumeist in prospektiven, oft plazebo-kontrollierten Studien untersucht (9 Strategien, 10 Publ., 837 Pat.). Schlussfolgerungen: Die empirische Basis für Kombinationen mit Antipsychotika ist ungenügend, der positive Effekt bei Valproataugmentation auf feindseliges Verhalten erscheint bemerkenswert.

Abstract

Objective: Up to 40 % of patients with schizophrenic psychosis suffer from symptoms that are resistant to monotherapy with antipsychotic drugs. As a consequence, combined approaches are often used, especially based on clozapine and olanzapine. This review aims to provide a critical overview on olanzapine-augmentations. Methods: A systematic database search including generic and trade names of antipsychotic substances as well as general items such as „augmentation” and „combination” was performed in Medline and BIOSIS (OVID) until May 2005. Results: Amongst a number of 16 reports dealing with 9 different antipsychotic augmentation strategies (85 patients) only sulpiride was tested in a randomized manner. A significant part of the treatments achieved favourable results. In contrast, augmentations of olanzapine with antidepressants or mood stabilizers were evaluated in well-designed clinical trials (9 strategies, 10 publications, 837 patients). Improvements of positive and/or negative symptoms as well as depressed mood were reported. Conclusions: The empirical basis to combine olanzapine with antipsychotic substances has to be improved in order to evaluate benefits and risks. Augmentations with mood stabilizers were successful, for example on hostility, showing that randomized and placebo-controlled trials are feasible.

Literatur

• 1 Lieberman J A, Golden R, Stroup S, McEvoy J. Drugs of the psychopharmacological revolution in clinical psychiatry.  Psychiatric Serv. 2000;  51 1254-1258
• 2 Miyamato S, Duncan G E, Marx C E, Lieberman J A. Treatments for schizophrenia: a critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs.  Mol Psychiatry. 2005;  10 79-104
• 3 Sethi K D. Movement disorders induced by dopamine blocking agents.  Sem Neurology. 2001;  21 59-68
• 4 Hellewell J S. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia: reviewing the options and identifying the way forward.  J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;  60, Suppl 23 14-19
• 5 Young C R, Longhurst J G, Bowers Jr M B, Mazure C M. The expanding indications for clozapine.  Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;  5 216-234
• 6 Buchanan R W. Clozapine: efficacy and safety.  Schizophr Bull. 1995;  21 579-591
• 7 Young C R, Bowers Jr M B, Mazure C M. Management of the adverse effects of clozapine.  Schizophr Bull. 1998;  24 381-390
• 8 Miller D D. Review and management of clozapine side effects.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;  61, Suppl 8 14-17; discussion 18 - 19
• 9 Stephenson C M, Pilowsky L S. Psychopharmacology of olanzapine. A review.  Br J Psychiatry. 1999;  Suppl 52-58
• 10 Meltzer H Y, McGurk S R. The effects of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia.  Schizophr Bull. 1999;  25 233-255
• 11 Frankle W G, Gil R, Hackett E, Mawlawi O, Zea-Ponce Y, Zhu Z. et al . Occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors by the atypical antipsychotic drugs risperidone and olanzapine: theoretical implications.  Psychopharmacol. 2004;  175 473-480
• 12 Bhana N, Foster R H, Olney R, Plosker G L. Olanzapine: an updated review of its use in the management of schizophrenia.  Drugs. 2001;  61 111-161
• 13 Duggan L, Fenton M, Dardennes R M, El-Dosoky A, Indran S. Olanzapine for schizophrenia. Cochr Database Syst Rev 2000 CD001359
• 14 Lutz R, Kohnlein O, Schmauss M, Messer T. Management of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine in a clinical environment with particular regard to therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in a German State hospital.  Psychiat Prax. 2004;  31, Suppl 1 S181-S183
• 15 Kopf A, Koster J, Schulz A, Kromker H, Becker T. Life threatening neuroleptic malignant syndrome due to olanzapine.  Psychiat Prax. 2003;  30 279-282
• 16 Kozian R. Olanzapine-induced diabetes mellitus.  Psychiat Prax. 2002;  29 318-320
• 17 Conley R R, Meltzer H Y. Adverse events related to olanzapine.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;  61, Suppl 8 26-29, discussion 30
• 18 Thome J, Kopf D. Haematological abnormalities during treatment with atypical antipsychotics.  Psychiat Prax. 2005;  32 167-171
• 19 McCue R E, Waheed R, Urcuyo L. Polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;  64 984-989
• 20 Grohmann R, Engel R R, Geissler K H, Ruther E. Psychotropic drug use in psychiatric inpatients: recent trends and changes over time-data from the AMSP study.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;  37, Suppl 1 S27-38
• 21 Lerner V, Libov I, Kotler M, Strous R D. Combination of „atypical” antipsychotic medication in the management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.  Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;  28 89-98
• 22 Zink M, Dressing H. Clozapin-Augmentation mit atypischen Antipsychotika.  Nervenarzt. 2005;  76 1092-1102
• 23 Shiloh R, Zemishlany Z, Aizenberg D, Radwan M, Schwartz B, Dorfman-Etrog P. et al . Sulpiride augmentation in people with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Br J Psychiatry. 1997;  171 569-573
• 24 Zink M, Knopf U, Henn F A, Thome J. Combination of clozapine and amisulpride in treatment-resistent schizophrenia - case reports and review of the literature.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;  37 26-31
• 25 Munro J, Matthiasson P, Osborne S, Travis M, Purcell S, Cobb A M. et al . Amisulpride augmentation of clozapine: an open non-randomized study in patients with schizophrenia partially responsive to clozapine.  Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;  110 292-298
• 26 Josiassen R C, Joseph A, Kohegyi E, Stokes S, Dadvand M, Paing W W. et al . Clozapine augmented with risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Am J Psychiatry. 2005;  162 130-136
• 27 Anil Yagcioglu A E, Kivircik Akdede B B, Turgut T I, Tumuklu M, Yazici M K, Alptekin K. et al . A double-blind controlled study of adjunctive treatment with risperidone in schizophrenic patients partially responsive to clozapine: efficacy and safety.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;  66 63-72
• 28 Stahl S M. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: evidence based or eminence based?.  Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;  106 321-322
• 29 Freudenreich O, Goff D C. Antipsychotic combination therapy in schizophrenia. A review of efficacy and risks of current combinations.  Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002;  106 323-330
• 30 Zink M, Mase E, Dressing H. Ziprasidone-Augmentation of Clozapine.  Psychiat Prax. 2004;  31 259-261
• 31 Centorrino F, Goren J L, Hennen J, Salvatore P, Kelleher J P, Baldessarini R J. Multiple versus single antipsychotic agents for hospitalized psychiatric patients: Case-control study of risks versus benefits.  Am J Psychiatry. 2004;  161 700-706
• 32 Stahl S M, Grady M M. A critical review of atypical antipsychotic utilization: comparing monotherapy with polypharmacy and augmentation.  Curr Med Chemistry. 2004;  11 313-327
• 33 Zink M, Henn F A, Thome J. Combination of amisulpride and olanzapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic psychoses.  Eur Psychiatry. 2004;  19 56-58
• 34 Hiemke C, Peled A, Jabarin M, Hadjez J, Weigmann H, Hartter S. et al . Fluvoxamine augmentation of olanzapine in chronic schizophrenia: pharmacokinetic interactions and clinical effects.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;  22 502-506
• 35 Poyurovsky M, Isaacs I, Fuchs C, Schneidman M, Faragian S, Weizman R. et al . Attenuation of olanzapine-induced weight gain with reboxetine in patients with schizophrenia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  Am J Psychiatry. 2003;  160 297-302
• 36 Tofler I T, Ahmed B. Atypical (olanzapine) plus conventional (fluphenazine) neuroleptic treatment associated with the neuroleptic malignant syndrome.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;  23 672-674
• 37 Kotler M, Strous R D, Reznik I, Shwartz S, Weizman A, Spivak B. Sulpiride augmentation of olanzapine in the management of treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia: evidence for improvement of mood symptomatology.  Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;  19 23-26
• 38 Raskin S, Durst R, Katz G, Zislin J. Olanzapine and sulpiride: a preliminary study of combination/augmentation in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;  20 500-503
• 39 Lerner V, Chudakova B, Kravets S, Polyakova I. Combined use of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of patients with resistant schizophrenia: a preliminary case series report.  Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000;  23 284-286
• 40 Abdullah N, Voronovitch L, Taylor S, Lippmann S. Olanzapine and haloperidol: potential for neutropenia?.  Psychosomatics. 2003;  44 83-84
• 41 Toki S, Morinobu S, Yoshino A, Yamawaki S. A case of venous thromboembolism probably associated with hyperprolactinemia after the addition of olanzapine to typical antipsychotics. [erratum appears in J Clin Psychiatry 2005 Jan; 66 (1): 138.]  J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;  65 1576-1577
• 42 Mujica R, Weiden P. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome after addition of haloperidol to atypical antipsychotic.  Am J Psychiatry. 2001;  158 650-651
• 43 Heresco-Levy U, Ermilov M, Lichtenberg P, Bar G, Javitt D C. High-dose glycine added to olanzapine and risperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia.  Biol Psychiatry. 2004;  55 165-171
• 44 Casey D E, Daniel D G, Wassef A A, Tracy K A, Wozniak P, Sommerville K W. Effect of divalproex combined with olanzapine or risperidone in patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia.  Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;  28 182-192
• 45 Heresco-Levy U, Javitt D C, Ebstein R, Vass A, Lichtenberg P, Bar G. et al . D-Serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia.  Biol Psychiatry. 2005;  57 577-585
• 46 Citrome L, Casey D E, Daniel D G, Wozniak P, Kochan L D, Tracy K A. Adjunctive divalproex and hostility among patients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine or risperidone.  Psychiatr Serv. 2004;  55 290-294
• 47 Cramer J A, Sernyak M. Results of a naturalistic study of treatment options: switching atypical antipsychotic drugs or augmenting with valproate.  Clin Ther. 2004;  26 905-914
• 48 Rosaria Muscatello M, Pacetti M, Cacciola M, Torre D La, Zoccali R, D'Arrigo C. et al . Plasma concentrations of risperidone and olanzapine during coadministration with oxcarbazepine.  Epilepsia. 2005;  46 771-774
• 49 Chiu C C, Lane H Y, Huang M C, Liu H C, Jann M W, Hon Y Y. et al . Dose-dependent alternations in the pharmacokinetics of olanzapine during coadministration of fluvoxamine in patients with schizophrenia.  J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;  44 1385-1390
• 50 Littrell K H, Petty R G, Hilligoss N M, Kirshner C D, Johnson C G. Valproate for hostility in schizophrenia patients.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;  65 134
• 51 Zanarini M C, Frankenburg F R, Parachini E A. A preliminary, randomized trial of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in women with borderline personality disorder.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;  65 903-907
• 52 Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, Goikolea J M, Colom F, Martinez-Aran A, Benabarre A. et al . Effects on weight and outcome of long-term olanzapine-topiramate combination treatment in bipolar disorder.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;  24 374-378
• 53 Shapira N A, Ward H E, Mandoki M, Murphy T K, Yang M C, Blier P. et al . A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine addition in fluoxetine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Biol Psychiatry. 2004;  55 553-555
• 54 Bystritsky A, Ackerman D L, Rosen R M, Vapnik T, Gorbis E, Maidment K M. et al . Augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder using adjunctive olanzapine: a placebo-controlled trial.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;  65 565-568
• 55 Shelton R C. The combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine in mood disorders.  Expert Op Pharmacotherapy. 2003;  4 1175-1183
• 56 Rothschild A J, Williamson D J, Tohen M F, Schatzberg A, Andersen S W, Campen L E Van. et al . A double-blind, randomized study of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for major depression with psychotic features.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;  24 365-373
• 57 Corya S A, Andersen S W, Detke H C, Kelly L S, Campen L E van, Sanger T M. et al . Long-term antidepressant efficacy and safety of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination: a 76-week open-label study. [erratum appears in J Clin Psychiatry 2004 Feb; 65 (2): 279.]  J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;  64 1349-1356
• 58 Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, Ketter T A, Sachs G, Bowden C. et al . Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. [erratum appears in Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004 Feb; 61 (2): 176.]  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;  60 1079-1088
• 59 Weimer E, Braus D F, Cavus I, Thome J. Augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) with atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depression.  Fortschr Neurol Psychiat. 2002;  70 210-217
• 60 Seager M A, Huff K D, Barth V N, Phebus L A, Rasmussen K. Fluoxetine administration potentiates the effect of olanzapine on locus coeruleus neuronal activity.  Biol Psychiatry. 2004;  55 1103-1109
• 61 Ordway G A, Szebeni K. Effect of repeated treatment with olanzapine or olanzapine plus fluoxetine on tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus.  Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004;  7 321-327
• 62 Maragnoli M E, Fumagalli F, Gennarelli M, Racagni G, Riva M A. Fluoxetine and olanzapine have synergistic effects in the modulation of fibroblast growth factor 2 expression within the rat brain.  Biol Psychiatry. 2004;  55 1095-1102
• 63 Horowitz J M, Goyal A, Ramdeen N, Hallas B H, Horowitz A T, Torres G. Characterization of fluoxetine plus olanzapine treatment in rats: a behavior, endocrine, and immediate-early gene expression analysis.  Synapse. 2003;  50 353-364
• 64 Kirk S L, Neill J C, Jones D N, Reynolds G P. Ziprasidone suppresses olanzapine-induced increases in ingestive behaviour in the rat.  Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;  505 253-254
• 65 Deberdt W, Winokur A, Cavazzoni P A, Trzaskoma Q N, Carlson C D, Bymaster F P. et al . Amantadine for weight gain associated with olanzapine treatment.  Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;  15 13-21
• 66 Miller D E, Sebastian C S. Olanzapine-induced hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea reversed with addition of bromocriptine: a case report.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;  66 269-270
• 67 Sernyak M J, Rosenheck R. Clinician's reasons for antipsychotic coprescribing.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;  65 1597-1600
• 68 Naber D, Riedel M, Klimke A, Vorbach E-U, Lambert M, Kühn K-U. et al . Randomized double blind comparison of olanzapine versus clozapine on subjective well-being and clinical outcome in patients with schizophrenia.  Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;  111 106-115
• 69 Kelly D L, Richardson C M, Tamminga C A, Carpenter W T. The efficacy of high-dose olanzapine versus clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a double-blind, crossover study.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;  23 668-670
• 70 Ring B J, Binkley S N, Vandenbranden M, Wrighton S A. In vitro interaction of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine with human cytochromes p450 CYP2C9, CYP2C19,CYP2D6 and CYP3A.  Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;  41 181-186
• 71 Shen W W. The metabolism of atypical antipsychotic drugs: an update.  Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1999;  11 145-158
• 72 Bergemann N, Frick A, Parzer P, Kopitz J. Olanzapine plasma concentration, average daily dose, and interaction with co-medication in schizophrenic patients.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2004;  37 63-68
• 73 Gex-Fabry M, Balant-Gorgia A E, Balant L P. Therapeutic drug monitoring of olanzapine: the combined effect of age, gender, smoking, and comedication.  Ther Drug Monit. 2003;  25 46-53
• 74 Seger A, Lamberti J S. Priapism associated with polypharmacy.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;  62 128
• 75 Pedrosa Gil F, Schneider C, Grohmann R, Ruther E. Incompatibility of olanzapine and amisulpride in multisystemic myotonic myopathy. [erratum appears in Nervenarzt 2001 Nov; 72 (11): 878.]  Nervenarzt. 2001;  72 729-733
• 76 Duggal H S. Aripirazole-olanzapine combination for treatment of schizophrenia.  Can J Psychiatry - Rev Can Psychiatrie. 2004;  49 151
• 77 Dunkley M J, Reveley M A. Successful treatment of refractory schizophrenia with combined olanzapine and quetiapine in a patient with a prolactin secreting pituitary microadenoma.  J Psychopharmacol. 2005;  19 97-101
• 78 Kapur S, Roy P, Daskalakis J, Remington G, Zipursky R. Increased dopamine D2 receptor occupancy and elevated prolactin level associated with addition of haloperidol to clozapine.  Am J Psychiatry. 2001;  158 311-314
• 79 Matthiasson P, Erlandsson K, Costa D C, Waddington W, Visvikis D, Collum I. et al . Amisulpride augmentation of clozapine and striatal dopamine d2 receptor binding potential. A 123-I-IBZM study.  Schizophr Res. 2003;  53 208
• 80 Dursun S M, Deakin J F. Augmenting antipsychotic treatment with lamotrigine or topiramate in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a naturalistic case-series outcome study.  J Psychopharmacol. 2001;  15 297-301
• 81 Takhar J. Pimozide augmentation in a patient with drug-resistant psychosis previously treated with olanzapine.  J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1999;  24 248-249
• 82 Gupta S, Sonnenberg S J, Frank B. Olanzapine augmentation of clozapine.  Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1998;  10 113-115
• 83 Rhoads E. Polypharmacy of 2 atypical antipsychotics.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;  61 678-680