Download PDF
Psychiatr Prax 2006; 33: 40-46
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-915327
Originalarbeit
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Differenzielle Diagnostik und Pharmakotherapie der juvenilen Manie - eine Übersicht

Differential Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Juvenile Mania - A ReviewHellmuth  Braun-Scharm1 , Oliver  Bilke1
  • 1Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Vivantes-Humboldt-Klinikum, Berlin
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
01 March 2006 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung

Manische Störungen und bipolare Psychosen werden mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit unter- und fehldiagnostiziert und sind auch wissenschaftlich wesentlich weniger bearbeitet als z. B. schizophrene Psychosen. Dieses Missverhältnis gilt verstärkt für das Jugendalter, da Manien und hypomane Zustände in Praxis und Klinik offensichtlich schwer zu erkennen sind. Aus diesem Grunde sollte sich die fachliche Aufmerksamkeit der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiater vermehrt den bipolaren Störungen zuwenden, da die bisherigen Ergebnisse dafür sprechen, dass unbehandelte uni- und bipolare Störungen zu schwerwiegenden Beeinträchtigungen der Lebensqualität und der psychosozialen Kompetenzen führen können, die qualitativ den psychosozialen Auswirkungen schizophrener Psychosen nicht nachstehen. Diese Auswirkungen können durch eine adäquate Medikation und psychotherapeutische Begleitung wesentlich gebessert werden, sodass auch bei diesen Störungen eine angemessene Früherkennung und Frühbehandlung besonders indiziert sind. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdienen die „weicheren” bipolaren Spektrumdiagnosen mit kurzen hypomanen Schwankungen, deren Bedeutung in der KJPP noch nicht genügend gewürdigt wird.

Abstract

Manic disorders and bipolar psychoses have long been underdiagnosed in child and adolescent psychiatry. Scientific research has been rare as well. In particular in adolescence and young adulthood bipolar disorders are not easy to diagnose. Therefore these disorders should be included in differential diagnosis as research from the U. S. shows that there is a significant number of these treatable patients. Being untreated sufficiently major setback in social development and quality of life occur, as severe as in schizophrenia. Adequate medication and psychotherapy in the early phases of these chronic disorders ameliorate the overall prognosis. Special attention should be drawn to hypomanic phases and phenomena as rapid cycling.

Literatur

  • 1 Braun-Scharm H, Leeners T. Juvenile Manien - eine Literaturübersicht.  Forum Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. 2005;  3 23-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Carlson G A, Kashani J H. What is new in bipolar and major depressive disorder in children and adolescents.  Child Adolesc Psychiat Clin North Am. 2002;  11 XV-XXII
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Conus P, McGorry P D. First-episode mania: a neglected priority for early intervention.  Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002;  36 158-172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Judd L L, Akiskal H S, Schettler P J, Endicott J, Maser J, Solomon D A, Leon A C, Rice J A, Keller M B. The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;  59 530-537
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Akiskal H S. Validating „hard” and „soft” phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity?.  J Affect Disord. 2003;  73 1-5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Nissen G. Affektive Psychosen in der Adoleszenz.  Nervenarzt. 1975;  46 302-307
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Findling R L, Gracious B L, McNamara N K, Youngstrom E A, Demeter C A, Branicky L A, Calabrese J R. Rapid, continuous cycling and psychiatric co-morbidity in pediatric bipolar I disorder.  Bipol Disord. 2001;  3 202-210
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Geller B, Luby J. Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;  36/9 1168-1176
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Jones P M, Berney T P. Early onset rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder.  J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1987;  28/5 731-738
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Coryell W, Leon A C, Turvey C, Akiskal H S, Mueller T, Endicott J. The significance of psychotic features inmanic episodes: a report from the NIMH collaborative study.  J Affect Disord. 2001;  67 79-88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Shiratsuchi T, Takahashi N, Suzuki T, Abe K. Depressive episodes of bipolar disorder in early teenage years: changes with increasing age and the significance of IQ.  J Affect Disord. 2000;  58 161-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Pavuluri M N, Birmaher B, Naylor M W. Pediatric bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;  44 (9) 846-871
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Todd R D, Botteron K N. Etiology and genetics of early-onset mood disorders.  Child Adolesc Clin North Am. 2002;  11 499-518
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Bieling P J, MacQueen G M, Marriot M J, Robb J C, Begin H, Joffe R T, Young L Z. Longitudinal outcome in patients with bipolar disorder assessed by life-charting is influenced by DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms.  Bipol Disord. 2003;  5 14-21
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Birmaher B, Kennah A, Brent D, Ehmann M, Bridge J, Axelson D. Is bipolar disorder specifically associated with panic disorder in youths?.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;  63/5 414-419
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Brieger P, Ehrt U, Marneros A. Frequency of comorbid personality disorders in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders.  Comprehens Psychiatry. 2003;  44/1 28-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Frank E, Cyranowski J M, Rucci P, Shear K, Fagiolini A, Thase M E, Cassano G B, Grochocinski V J, Kostelnik B, Kupfer D J. Clinical significance of lifetime panic spectrum symptoms in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;  59 905-911
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Johnson J G, Cohen P, Brook J S. Associations between bipolar disorder and other psychiatric disorders during adolescence and early adulthood: a community based longitudinal investigation.  Am J Psychiatry. 2000;  157 1679-1681
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kay J H, Altshuler L L, Ventura J, Mintz J. Impact of axis II comorbidity on the course of bipolar illness in men: a retrospective chart review.  Bipol Disord. 2002;  4 237-242
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Masi G, Toni C T, Perugi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S, Akiskal H S. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a neglected comorbidity.  Can J Psychiatry. 2001;  46 797-802
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wozniak J, Biederman J, Faraone S V, Blier H, Monuteaux M C. Heterogeneity of childhood conduct disorder: further evidence of a subtype of conduct disorder linked to bipolar disorder.  J Affect Dis. 2001;  64 121-131
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Biederman J, Wozniak J, Kiely K, Ablon S, Faraone S, Mick E, Mundy E, Kraus I. CBCL clinical scales discriminate prepubertal children with structured interview-derived diagnosis of mania from those with ADHD.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;  34/4 464-471
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone S V, Spencer T, Wilens T E, Wozniak J. Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?.  Biol Psychiatry. 2000;  48 458-466
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Faraone S V, Biederman J, Mennin D, Wozniak J, Spencer T. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype?.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997a;  36/10 1378-1387
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Faraone S V, Biederman J, Wozniak J, Mundy E, Mennin D, O'Donnell D. Is comorbidity with ADHD a marker for juvenile-onset mania?.  J Am Acad Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997b;  36/8 1046-1055
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Lewinsohn P M, Klein D N, Seeley J R. Bipolar disorder during adolescence and young adulthood in a community sample.  Bipor Disord. 2000;  2 281-293
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Kim E Y, Miklowitz D J. Childhood mania, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a critical review of diagnostic dilemmas.  Bipol Disord. 2002;  4 215-225
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Kent L, Craddock N. Is there a relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder?.  J Affect Disord. 2003;  73 211-221
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Geller B, Craney J L, Bolhofner K, Nickelsburg M J, Williams M, Zimerman B. Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype.  Am J Psychiatry. 2002a;  159 927-933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Koukopoulos A, Sani G, Koukopoulos A E, Minnai G P, Girardi P, Pani L, Albert M J, Reginaldi D. Duration and stability of the rapid-cycling course: a long-term personal follow-up of 109 patients.  J Affect Disord. 2003;  73 75-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Lish J D, Dime-Meenan S, Whybrow P C, Price R A, Hirschfeld R MA. The national Depressive and Manic-depressive Association (DMDA) survey of bipolar members.  J Affect Disorder. 1994;  31 281-294
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Strober M, Schmidt-Lackner S, Freeman R, Bower S, Lampert C, DeAntonio M. Recovery and relapse in adolescents with bipolar affective illness: a five-year naturalistic, prospective follow-up.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;  34/6 724-731
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Lewinsohn P M, Seeley J R, Buckley M E, Klein D N. Bipolar disorder in adolescence and young adulthood.  Child Adolesc Psychiat North Am. 2002;  11 461-475
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Werry J S, McClellan J M. Predicting outcome in child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;  31/1 147-150
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Benazzi F. Age at onset of bipolar II depressive mixed state.  Psychiatry Res. 2001;  103 229-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Benazzi F. Bipolar II depressive mixed state: finding a useful definition.  Comprehens Psychiatry. 2003;  44/1 21-27
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Benazzi F, Akiskal H S. Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania.  J Affect Disord. 2003;  73 33-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Angst J, Gamma A. A new bipolar spectrum concept: a brief review.  Bipol Disord. 2002;  4 suppl 1 11-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Perugi G, Akiskal H S, Micheli C, Toni C, Madaro D. Clinical characterization of depressive mixed state in bipolar-I patients: Pisa - San Diego collaboration.  J Affect Disord. 2001;  67 105-114
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Perugi G, Akiskal H S. The soft pectrum redefined: focus on the cyclothymic, anxious-sensitive, impuls-dyscontrol, and binge-eating connection inbipolar II and releated conditions.  Psychiat Clin North Am. 2002;  25 713-737
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss E, Limb K. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment.  Brit Med J. 1999;  318 149-153
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Kowatch R A, Frisatd M, Birmaher B, Wagner K D, Findling R L, Hellander M. and the Child Psychiatric workgroup on bipolar disorder . Treatment Guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;  44 (3) 213-235
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Davanzo P A, McCracken J T. Mood stabilizer in the treatment of juvenile bipolar disorder.  Child Adolesc Psychiat Clin North Am. 2000;  9/1 159-182
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Montgomery S A, Keck P E. First international exchange on bipolar disorder.  J Affect Disord. 2000;  59 S81-S88
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Botteron K N, Geller B. Pharmacologic treatment of childhood and adolescent mania.  Child Adolesc Psychiat Clin North Am. 1995;  4/2 283-304
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 James A CD, Javaloyes A M. Practitioner review: the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents.  J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;  42/4 439-449
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Schou M. Lithium treatment at 52.  J Affect Disord. 2001;  67 21-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, Townsend E, Jamison K, Goodwin G. The cochrane database of systematic reviews. Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. 2003 Volume (1)
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Wagner K D, Weller E B, Carlson G A, Sachs G, Biederman J, Frazier J A, Wozniak P, Tracy K, Weller R, Bowden C. An open-label trial of divalproex in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;  41/10 1224-1230
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Barrios C, Chaudhry T A, Goodnick P J. Rapid cycling bipolar disorder.  Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001;  2/12 1963-1973
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Post R M, Frye M A, Denicoff K D, Leverich G S, Dunn R T, Osuch E A, Speer A M, Obrocea G, Jajodia K. Emerging trends in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a selected review.  Bipol Disord. 2000;  2 305-315
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Greil W, Kleindienst N. Lithium versus Carbamazepin in the maintenance treatment of bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified.  Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999a;  14/5 283-285
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Greil W, Kleindienst N. The comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in patients with bipolar I disorder.  Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999b;  14/5 277-281
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Kowatch R A, Suppes T, Carmody T J, Bucci J P, Hume J H, Kromelis M, Emslie G J, Weinberg W A, Rush A J. Effect size of lithium, divalproex sodium, and carbamazepine in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;  39/6 713-720
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Keck P E, Mendlewitz J, Calabrese J R, Fawcett J, Suppes T, Vestergaard A, Carbonell C. A review of randomized, controlled clinical trials in acute mania.  J Affect Disord. 2000;  59 S31-S37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Yatham L N, Kusumakar V, Calabrese J R, Scarrow G, Kroeker G. Third generation anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder: a review of efficacy and summary of clinical recommendations.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;  63 275-283
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Bowden C L, Karren N U. Lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder.  Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;  3/10 1513-1519
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Calabrese J R, Melvin D S, Shelton M D, Rapport D J, Kimmel S E. Bipolar disorders and the effectiveness of novel anticonvulsants.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2002a;  63, suppl 3 5-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Ichim L, Berk M, Brook S. Lamotrigine compared with lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.  ANN J Psychiatry. 2000;  12/1 5-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 MacDonald K J, Young L T. Newer antiepileptic drugs in bipolar disorder.  CNS Drugs. 2002;  16/8 549-562
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Zerjav-Lacombe S, Tabarsi E. Lamotrigine: a review of clinical studies in bipolar disorders.  Can J Psychiatry. 2001;  46 328-333
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Calabrese J R, Shelton M D, Rapport D J, Kimmel S E, Elhaj O. Long-term treatment of bipolar disorder with lamotrigine.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2002b;  63, suppl 10 18-22
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Grunze H, Walden J. Relevance of new and newly rediscovered anticonvulsants for atypical forms of bipolar disorder.  J Affect Disord. 2002;  72 S15-S21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Overstreet K, Costanza C, Behling C, Hassanin T, Masliah E. Fatal progressive hepatic necrosis associated with lamotrigine treatment.  Dig Dis Sci. 2002;  47/9 1921-1925
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Chengappa K NR, Gershon S, Levine J. The evolving role of topiramate among other mood stabilizers in the management of bipolar disorder.  Bipol Disord. 2001;  3 215-232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Ghaemi S N, Lenox M S, Baldessarini R J. Effectiveness and safety of long-term antidepressant treatment in bipolar disorder.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2001a;  62/7 565-569
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Guille C, Sachs G. Clinical outcome of adjunctive topiramate treatment in a sample of refractory bipolar patients with comorbid conditions.  Progr Neuro Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;  26 1035-1039
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Suppes T. Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of bipolar disorders.  J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;  22 599-609
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Carta M G, Hardoy M C, Hardoy M J, Grunze H, Carpiniello B. The clinical use of gabapentin in bipolar spectrum disorders.  J Affect Disord. 2003;  75 83-91
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Hamrin V, Bailey K. Gabapentin and methylphenidate treatment of a preadolescent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.  J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;  11/3 301-309
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Hellewell J SE. Oxcarbazepin (Trileptal) in the treatment of bipolar disorders: a review of efficacy and tolerability.  J Affect Disord. 2002;  72 S23-S34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Pande A C, Crockatt J G, Janney C A, Werth J L, Tsaroucha G. Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: aplacebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy.  Bipol Disord. 2000;  2 249-255
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Wang P W, Santosa C, Schmacher M, Winsberg M E, Strong C, Ketter T A. Gabapentin augmentation therapy in bipolar depression.  Bipol Disord. 2002;  4 296-301
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Miller D S, Yatham L N, Lam R W. Comparative efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics as add-on therapy to mood stabilizers in the treatment of acute mania.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;  62 975-980
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Chengappa K NR, Baker R W, Shao L, Tohen M, Gershon S, Kupfer D J. Rates of response, euthymia and remission in two placebo-controlled olanzapine trials für bipolar mania.  Bipolar Disord. 2003;  5 1-5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 DelBello M P, Schwiers M L, Rosenberg H L, Strakowski S M. A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of Quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adlescent mania.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;  41/10 1216-1223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Frazier J A, Biederman J, Tohen M, Feldman P D, Jacobs T G, Toma V, Rater M A, Tarazi R A, Kim G S, Garfield S B, Sohma M, Gonzales-Heydrich J, Risser R C, Nowlin Z M. A prospective open-label treatment trial of Olanzapine monotherapy in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.  J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001;  11/3 239-250
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Khouzam H R, El-Gabalawi F. Treatment of bipolar I disorder in an adolescent with olanzapine.  J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;  10/2 147-151
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Tohen M, Jacobs T G, Grundy S L, McElroy S L, Banov M C, Janicak P G, Sanger T, Risser R, Zhang F, Toma V, Francis J, Tollefson G D, Breier A. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;  57 841-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Vieta E, Parramon G, Padrell E, Nieto E, Martinez-Arán A, Corbella B, Colom F, Reinares M, Goikolea J M, Torrent C. Quetiapine in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder.  Bipol Disord. 2002b;  4 335-340
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Aubry J M, Simon A E, Bertschy G B. Possible induction of mania and hypomania by Olanzapine or Risperidone: a critical review of reported cases.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;  61 649-655
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Baldassano C F, Ballas C, Datto S M, Kim D, Littman L, O'Reardon J, Rynn M A. Ziprasidone-associated mania: a case series and review of the mechanism.  Bipol Disord. 2003;  5 72-75
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Benazzi F. Olanzapine-induced psychotic mania in bipolar schizo-affective disorder.  Eur Psychiatry. 1999;  14 410-411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Ahmed Z, Anderson I M. Treatment of bipolar affective disorder in clinical practice.  J Psychopharmacol. 2001;  15/1 5-57
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Have M ten, Vollebergh W, Bijl R, Nolen W A. Bipolar disorder in the general population in The Netherlands (prevalence, consequences and care utilisation): results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS).  J Affect Disord. 2002;  68 203-213
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Sachs G S, Grossman F, Ghaemi S N, Okamoto A, Bowden C L. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety.  Am J Psychiatry. 2002;  159 1146-1154
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Sajatovic M, Brescan D W, Perez D E, DiGiovanni S K, Hattab H, Ray J B, Bingham C R. Quetiapine alone and added to amood stabilizer for serious mood disorders.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;  62 728-732
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Tohen M, Chengappa K NR, Suppes T, Zarate C A, Calabrese J R, Bowden C L, Sachs G S, Kupfer D J, Baker R W, Risser R C, Keeter E L, Feldman P D, Tollefson G D, Breier A. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;  59 62-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Goodnick P J. The use of nimodipine in the treatment of mood disorders.  Bipolar Disord. 2000;  2 165-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Baumann B, Bogerts B. Neuroanatomical studies on bipolar disorder.  Brit J Psychiatry. 2001;  178, suppl 41 s142-s147
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Strakowski S M, DelBello M P, Zimmerman M E, Getz G E, Mills N P, Ret J, Shear P, Adler C M. Ventricular and periventricular structural volumes in first- versus multiple-episode bipolar disorder.  Am J Psychiatry. 2002;  159 1841-1847
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Cecil K M, DelBello M P, Morey R, Strakowski S M. Frontal lobe differences in bipolar disorder as determined by proton MR spectroscopy.  Bipol Disord. 2002;  4 357-365
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Moore P B, Sheperd D J, Eccleston D, Macmillan I C, Goswami U, McAllister V L, Ferrier I N. Cerebral white matter lesions in bipolar affective disorder: relationship to outcome.  Brit J Psychiatry. 2001;  178 172-176
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Blackwood D HR, Visscher P M, Muir W J. Genetic studies of bipolar affective disorder in large families.  Brit J Psychiatry. 2001;  178, suppl 41 s134-s136
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Quraishi S, Frabgou S. Neuropsychology of bipolar disorder: a review.  J Affect Disord. 2002;  72 209-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Dr. med. Oliver Bilke

Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · Vivantes-Humboldt-Klinikum

Frohnauerstraße 74 - 80

13467 Berlin

Email: oliver.bilke@vivantes.de