References
1
Kotha S.
Lahiri K.
Kashinath D.
Tetrahedron
2002,
58:
9633
2a
Bedford RB.
Cazin CSJ.
Hazelwood SL.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2002,
41:
4120
2b
Herrmann WA.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2002,
41:
1290
2c
Littke AF.
Dai C.
Fu GC.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2000,
122:
4020
2d
Kataoka N.
Shelby Q.
Stambuli JP.
Hartwig JF.
J. Org. Chem.
2002,
67:
5553
2e
Weng Z.
Teo S.
Koh LL.
Hor TSA.
Organometallics
2004,
23:
3603
2f
Li JH.
Liu WJ.
Org. Lett.
2004,
6:
2809
2g
Chen CL.
Liu YH.
Peng SM.
Liu ST.
Organometallics
2005,
24:
1075
3a
Parrish CA.
Buchwald SL.
J. Org. Chem.
2001,
66:
3820
3b
Cammidge AN.
Baines NJ.
Bellingham RK.
Chem. Commun.
2001,
2588
3c
Gordon RS.
Holmes AB.
Chem. Commun.
2002,
640
3d
Yamada YMA.
Takeda K.
Takahashi H.
Ikegami S.
J. Org. Chem.
2003,
68:
7733
3e
Phan NTS.
Brown DH.
Styring P.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2004,
45:
7915
4a
Zhang C.
Trudell ML.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2000,
41:
595
4b
Grasa GA.
Viciu MS.
Huang J.
Zhang C.
Trudell ML.
Nolan SP.
Organometallics
2002,
21:
2866
4c
Vargas VC.
Rubio RJ.
Hollis TK.
Salcido ME.
Org. Lett.
2003,
5:
4847
4d
Navarro O.
Kelly RA.
Nolan SP.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2003,
125:
16194
5a
Bedford RB.
Cazin CSJ.
Hazelwood SL.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2002,
41:
4120
5b
Feuerstein M.
Berthiol F.
Doucet H.
Santelli M.
Synlett
2002,
1807
5c
Mori K.
Yamaguchi K.
Hara T.
Mizugaki T.
Ebitani K.
Kaneda K.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2002,
124:
11572
5d
Yin J.
Rainka MP.
Zhang X.-X.
Buchwald SL.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2002,
124:
1162
5e
Littke AF.
Schwarz L.
Fu GC.
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2002,
124:
6343
5f
Littke AF.
Fu GC.
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2002,
41:
4176
6
Schwarz J.
Böhm VPW.
Gardiner MG.
Grosche M.
Herrmann WA.
Hieringer W.
Raudaschl-Sieber G.
Chem.-Eur. J.
2000,
6:
1773
7a
Zhao Y.
Zhou Y.
Ma D.
Liu J.
Zhang TY.
Zhang H.
Org. Biomol. Chem.
2003,
1:
1643
7b
Byun JW.
Lee YS.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2004,
45:
1837
7c
Kim JH.
Jun BH.
Byun JW.
Lee YS.
Tetrahedron Lett.
2004,
45:
5827
8
Procedure for the Preparation of the Bisimidazolium Salt 1.
In a dry nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1.29 g, 10 mmol) and 1-methylimidazole (1.72 g, 21 mmol) was stirred in MeCN (20 mL) at 80 °C for 4 d in an oil bath. The solvent was removed completely under vacuum. Then, CH2Cl2 was added to the residue to give a white solid, which was filtered and dried under vacuum affording the salt 1 in 60% yield. 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d
6): δ = 3.88 (s, 6 H, NCH
3), 4.20 (m, 1 H, CHOH), 4.22-4.51 (br, 4 H, NCH
2
), 7.79 (s, 2 H, NCH), 7.87 (s, 2 H, NCH), 9.36 (s, 2 H, NCHN). 13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d
6): δ = 36.23 (NCH3), 52.17 (CHOH), 68.21 (NCH2), 123.44 (NCH), 123.77 (NCH), 137.74 (NCHN). HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C11H18Cl2N4O [M - 2Cl]2+: 111.0741; found: 111.0729.
9
Procedure for the Preparation of Polystyrene-Supported Bisimidazolium Salt 2.
A mixture of Merrifield polymer (200 mg 2.7 mmol Cl/g), KI (30 mg, 0.18 mmol), tributylamine (0.3 g, 1.62 mmol) and the bisimidazolium salt 1 (158 mg, 0.54 mmol) dissolved in DMF (10 mL) was stirred for 4 d at r.t. The polymer was filtered off and washed with DMF (6 × 10 mL), MeOH (6 × 10 mL), H2O (6 × 10 mL), and then dried under vacuum. The loading of the imidazolium groups was determined by means of the nitrogen content obtained from elemental analysis (N, 1.4%, 0.5 mmol imidazolium/g).
10
Procedure for the Preparation of Polystyrene-Supported NHC-Pd Complex 3.
In a dry nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture of the imidazolium loaded polymeric support 2 (200 mg, 0.5 mmol imidazolium/g) and Pd(OAc)2 (22.5 mg, 0.1 mmol) was suspended in DMF (2 mL). To this suspension was added an aqueous solution (2 mL) of Na2CO3 (106 mg, 1.0 mmol). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min, and then agitated for 4 h at 50 °C in an oil bath. After filtration, the polymeric support was washed vigorously with distilled H2O (10 × 10 mL), MeOH (10 × 10 mL), and dried under reduced pressure to give 3. ICP-AES: 100 µmol Pd/g.
11
Procedure for Measuring the Swelling Properties of the Polystyrene-Supported Bisimidazolium Salt 2 and the Catalyst 3.
The swelling volumes of polymeric supports in various solvents were measured in a fritted column (ID 0.8 cm, length 20 cm). The polymeric support (1.0 g) was swollen in a solvent at r.t. for 2 h, and then washed with a 10-fold volume of each solvent. After filtration, the volume of the polymeric support was measured.
12
Representative Procedure for Suzuki Reaction (Table 2, Entry 14).
The catalyst 3 (20 mg, 2 µmol Pd) was suspended with DMF (2 mL). After a mixture of 4-bromoanisole (63 µL, 0.5 mmol), phenylboronic acid (75 mg, 0.6 mmol), and Na2CO3 (265 mg, 2.5 mmol) in distilled H2O (2 mL) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 24 h without the protection of inert gas. The catalyst was filtered and washed with distilled H2O (5 × 4 mL) and Et2O (5 × 4 mL), and dried in vacuo for use in the next run. The organic portion was dried over MgSO4 and evaporated under reduced pressure. The biphenyl product (91 mg, yield 99%) was isolated by column chromatography (eluent: n-hexane).