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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-857872
© Karl Demeter Verlag im Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Themenkomplex II: Diagnostik
Publication History
Publication Date:
07 February 2005 (online)
Symptomatik
Folgende Beschwerden können durch gastroösophagealen Reflux verursacht werden: „untere” Refluxsymptome: Sodbrennen (brennendes Gefühl hinter dem Brustbein = heartburn), saures Aufstoßen, nicht saures Aufstoßen (z. B. bei Säuresuppression), retrosternale Schmerzen, Dysphagie (Schluckerschwernis); selten Odynophagie (Schmerz beim Schlucken); „obere” Refluxsymptome: Brennen im Rachen, saures und nicht saures Aufstoßen (= Regurgitation, oft fälschlich als Erbrechen bezeichnet!), Reizhusten/morgendliches Räuspern, belegte Stimme, Heiserkeit, Reizhusten, Asthmaanfälle. Die Beschwerden werden oft ausgelöst oder verstärkt durch: Essen, längeren Nüchternzustand, süße Speisen, Alkohol, gebückte Körperhaltung, Liegen. Der Verlauf kann episodisch, kontinuierlich oder intermittierend sein. Spontanremissionen sind häufig, ein komplettes dauerhaftes Verschwinden ist aber selten [1] [2].
Diagnostischer Wert von Sodbrennen Konsens Sodbrennen ist das sensitivste Symptom der gastroösophagealen Refluxerkrankung. Wird Sodbrennen als das führende klinische Symptom angegeben, liegt mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit (> 75 %) eine Refluxerkrankung vor. Das Fehlen endoskopischer Veränderungen schließt dagegen eine Refluxerkrankung nicht aus (B). Kommentar Ist Sodbrennen das klinische Hauptsymptom, so besteht meist ein pathologisch gesteigerter Reflux 1 3. Wird dagegen neben anderen Symptomen auch Sodbrennen angegeben, so sind andere Erkrankungen wie funktionelle Dyspepsie oder Ulkus ähnlich wahrscheinlich 4. Der fehlende Goldstandard für die Diagnose der Refluxerkrankung bei unauffälliger Endoskopie erschwert die Einschätzung des prädiktiven Wertes der klinischen Symptomatik in der Diagnosestellung der Refluxerkrankung 5.
Diagnostischer Wert anderer Symptome Konsens Unspezifische Symptome wie Dysphagie, retrosternale Schmerzen und respiratorische Symptome können das klinische Beschwerdebild der Refluxerkrankung dominieren und eine rein anamnestische Diagnosestellung erschweren (B). Kommentar Motilitätsstörungen des tubulären Ösophagus und peptische Strikturen sind Komplikationen einer langjährigen Refluxerkrankung und können Dysphagie und retrosternale Schmerzen in den Vordergrund der klinischen Symptomatik rücken. Daneben können auch extraösophageale Manifestationen der Refluxerkrankung, insbesondere pulmonale Erkrankungen, das Beschwerdebild dominieren. Die Abgrenzung zu anderen Krankheitsgruppen kann in diesen Fällen schwierig sein und eine weitere Diagnostik erfordern 6 7 8.
Beschwerdenmuster Konsens Weder Art, Intensität und Häufigkeit von Refluxbeschwerden noch deren zeitliches Auftreten (nüchtern, nach der Nahrungsaufnahme, nachts) erlaubt einen Rückschluss auf den Schweregrad der gastroösophagealen Refluxerkrankung (z. B. Vorliegen und Ausmaß einer Ösophagitis) (B). Kommentar Untersuchungen zur zeitlichen Korrelation von klinischen Symptomen mit einem gastroösophagealen Reflux in der 24-h-pH-Metrie konnten zeigen, dass Refluxbeschwerden wie auch die meisten Refluxepisoden vor allem nach dem Essen auftreten, seltener nachts 9. Während Patienten mit einer Refluxösophagitis zwar eine höhere kumulative und nächtliche Refluxdauer, eine vermehrte Anzahl langer Refluxe und eine längere Refluxdauer aufweisen 10, lässt umgekehrt ein Vorhandensein dieser Phänomene keinen Rückschluss auf das Ausmaß der ösophagealen Schädigung zu 11 12 13.
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