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Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir 2004; 36(2/03): 98-107
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817871
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-817871
Original Article
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Embryology of the Upper Limb: The Molecular Orchestration of Morphogenesis
Embryologie der oberen ExtremitätK. C. Oberg1 , 2 , 3 , L. F. Greer1 , 4 , T. Naruse1 , 5- 1Divisions of Human Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- 2Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- 3Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- 4Department of Natural Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
- 5Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
Further Information
Publication History
Received: October 2, 2003
Accepted: October 2, 2003
Publication Date:
26 May 2004 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Unser Wissen um die Gliedmaßenmorphogenese wurde durch das Sammeln und Auswerten von Daten über molekulare Interaktionen während der Gliedmaßenentwicklung erheblich erweitert. In diesem Kapitel werden die morphologischen Schlüsselereignisse beschrieben, die allgemeinen Kategorien der beteiligten Moleküle definiert und die bekannten Molekularkaskaden und spezifischen Wege, die die Gliedmaßenentwicklung begleiten, beschrieben. Darüber hinaus werden die Kaskaden identifiziert, die durch bekannte genetische Mutationen bei Gliedmaßenmalformationen unterbrochen werden.
Abstract
Accumulating data on the molecular interactions that occur during limb development have greatly enhanced our understanding of the process of limb morphogenesis. In this chapter, the key morphologic events are described, the broad categories of molecules involved are defined, the known molecular cascades and specific pathways that orchestrate limb development are reviewed. In addition, cascades disrupted by known genetic mutations associated with limb malformations are identified.
Schlüsselwörter
Embryologie - obere Extremität - Handfehlbildungen - HOX-Gene
Key words
Review - signal transduction - transcription factors - HOX genes - WNT - FGF - BMP - SHH - limb development - patterning - limb anomalies
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Assistant Professor M.D., Ph.D. Kerby C. Oberg
Division of Human Anatomy
Loma Linda University
24745 Stewart St.
Loma Linda, CA 92350
USA
Email: koberg@som.llu.edu