PDF herunterladen
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2002; 06(3): 253-262
DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-36723
Copyright © 2002 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

Imaging of Trabecular Bone Structure

Thomas M. Link, Jan S. Bauer
  • 1Department of Radiology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
23. Januar 2003 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

ABSTRACT

In addition to bone mass, trabecular bone architecture is an important entity in assessing bone fragility, which is crucial in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. A number of imaging techniques have been used to analyze bone structure noninvasively. Projection radiography has been used with good results in the peripheral skeleton; however, this is only a two-dimensional technique, which reflects trabecular bone structure to a certain extent. High-resolution tomographic techniques, such as high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT), have a limited spatial resolution but the potential to image three-dimensional architecture of trabecular bone. With the advances in magnetic resonance hardware and software and new CT techniques (i.e., multislice spiral CT and clinical micro-CT), noninvasive imaging of trabecular bone is becoming more feasible.

KEYWORD

Trabecular bone structure - osteoporosis - high-resolution MR imaging - high-resolution CT imaging

REFERENCES

  • 1 Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis.  Am J Med. 1993;  94 646-650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Cooper C. The epidemiology of fragility fractures: is there a role for bone quality?.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1993;  53 S23-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Chevalier F, Laval-Jeantet A M, Laval-Jeantet M, Bergot C. CT image analysis of the vertebral trabecular network in vivo.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1992;  51 8-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Dalstra M, Huiskes A, van Odgaard L. Mechanical and textural properties of pelvic trabecular bone.  J Biomech . 1993;  27 375-389
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Lespessailles E, Jullien A, Eynard E. Biomechanical properties of human os calcanei: relationships with bone density and fractal evaluation of bone microarchitecture.  J Biomech . 1998;  31 817-824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Lespessailles E, Roux J P, Benhamou C L. Fractal analysis of bone texture on os calcis radiographs compared with trabecular microarchitecture analyzed by histomorphometry.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1998;  63 121-125
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Ross P D, Davis J W, Wasnich R D, Vogel J M. A critical review of bone mass and the risk of fractures in osteoporosis.  Cacif Tissue Int . 1990;  46 149-161
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Vesterby A, Mosekilde L, Gundersen H J. Biologically meaningful determinants of the in vitro strength of lumbar vertebrae.  Bone . 1991;  12 219-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Parfitt M. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols and units. Summary of a proposed system.  Bone and Mineral . 1988;  4 1-5
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Parfitt M, Drezner M K, Glorieux F H. Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols and units. Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee.  J Bone Miner Res . 1987;  2 595-610
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Parfitt A M, Majumdar S. Fractal geometry as a means of assessing trabecular structure. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference 1991: 1844
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Majumdar S, Prasad R R. Fractal analysis for assessing trabecular structure.  Radiology . 1991;  181(Suppl) 188-189
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Ishida T, Kazuya Y, Takigawa A, Kariya K, Itoh H. Trabecular pattern analysis using fractal dimension.  Jpn J Appl Phys Vol . 1993;  32 1867-1871
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Benhamou C L, Lespessailes E, Touliere D. Fractal evaluation of trabecular bone microarchitecture: comparative study of calcaneus and ultradistal radius.  J Bone Miner Res . 1993;  8 263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Benhamou C L, Lespessailes E, Touliere D. Fractal characterization of trabecular bone microarchitecture: interest of a maximum likelihood estimator.  J Bone Miner Res . 1993;  8 263
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Benhamou C L, Lespessailles E, Jacquet G. Fractal organization of trabecular bone images on calcaneus radiographs.  J Bone Miner Res . 1994;  9 1909-1918
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Geraets W GM, van der Stelt P, Netelenbos C J, Elders P JM. A new method for automatic recognition of the radiographic trabecular pattern.  J Bone Miner Res . 1990;  5 227-232
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Doyle F H, Gutteridge D H, Joplin G F, Fraser R. An assessment of radiologic criteria used in the study of spinal osteoporosis.  Br J Radiol . 1967;  40 241-250
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Singh Y M, Nagrath A R, Maini P S. Changes in trabecular pattern of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1970;  52-A 457-467
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Lin J C, Grampp S, Link T. Fractal analysis of proximal femur radiographs: correlation with biomechanical properties and bone mineral density.  Osteoporos Int . 1999;  9 516-524
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wigderowitz C A, Paterson C R, Dashti H, McGurty D, Rowley D I. Prediction of bone strength from cancellous structure of the distal radius: can we improve on DXA?.  Osteoporos Int . 2000;  11 840-846
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Pothuaud L, Lespessailles E, Harba R. Fractal analysis of trabecular bone texture on radiographs: discriminant value in post menopausal osteoporosis.  Osteoporos Int . 1998;  8 618-625
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Schneider H PG. Langfristige Östrogentherapie zur Osteoporoseprophylaxe. In: Wolf AS, Schneider HPG, eds. Östrogene in Diagnostik und Therapie Berlin: Springer 1990: 25-30
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Caligiuri P, Giger M L, Favus M. Multifractal radiographic analysis of osteoporosis.  Med Phys . 1994;  21 503-508
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Caligiuri P, Giger M L, Favus M J. Computerized radiographic analysis of osteoporosis: preliminary evaluation.  Radiology . 1993;  186 471-474
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Schiezel M. Eine neue Methode zur Bestimmung der Stabilität des Knochens bei Osteoporose mit Hilfe eines bildanalytischen Verfahrens an der Nativröntgenaufnahme der Lendenwirbelsäule. Habilitationsschrift [thesis], Herdecke; 1993
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Chen J, Zheng B, Chang Y H. Fractal analysis of trabecular patterns in projection radiographs. An assessment.  Invest Radiol . 1994;  29 624-629
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Veenland J F, Grashuis J L, van der Mer F, Beckers A LD, Gelsema E S. Estimation of fractal dimension in radiographs.  Med Phys . 1996;  23 585-594
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Link T M, Vieth V, Stehling C. High resolution MRI versus multislice spiral CT-which technique depicts the trabecular bone structure best (in press)?.  Eur Radiol 2002.
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Ruegsegger P, Koller B, Muller R. A microtomographic system for the nondestructive evaluation of bone architecture.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1996;  58 24-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Engelke K, Graeff W, Meiss L, Hahn M, Delling G. High spatial resolution imaging of bone using computed microtomography: comparison with microradiography and undecalcified histologic sections.  Invest Radiol . 1993;  28 341-349
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Muller R, Hahn M, Vogel M, Delling G, Ruegsegger P. Morphometric analysis of noninvasively assessed bone biopsies: comparison of high-resolution computed tomography and histologic sections.  Bone . 1996;  18 215-220
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Muller R, Hildebrand T, Hauselmann H J, Ruegsegger P. In vivo reproducibility of three-dimensional structural properties of noninvasive bone biopsies using 3D-pQCT.  J Bone Miner Res . 1996;  11 1745-1750
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Laib A, Ruegsegger P. Calibration of trabecular bone structure measurements of in vivo three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography with 28-micron-resolution microcomputed tomography.  Bone . 1999;  24 35-39
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Laib A, Ruegsegger P. Comparison of structure extraction methods for in vivo trabecular bone measurements.  Comput Med Imaging Graph . 1999;  23 69-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Kinney J H, Ryaby J T, Haupt D L, Lane N E. Three-dimensional in vivo morphometry of trabecular bone in the OVX rat model of osteoporosis.  Technol Health Care . 1998;  6 339-350
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Muller R, Van Campenhout H, Van Damme B. Morphometric analysis of human bone biopsies: a quantitative structural comparison of histological sections and micro-computed tomography.  Bone . 1998;  23 59-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Ito M, Nakamura T, Matsumoto T, Tsurusaki K, Hayashi K. Analysis of trabecular microarchitecture of human iliac bone using microcomputed tomography in patients with hip arthrosis with or without vertebral fracture.  Bone . 1998;  23 163-169
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Ito M, Ohki M, Hayashi K. Trabecular texture analysis of CT images in the relationship with spinal fracture.  Radiology . 1995;  194 55-59
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Mundinger A, Wiesmeier B, Dinkel E. Quantitative image analysis of vertebral body architecture-improved diagnosis in osteoporosis based on high-resolution computed tomography.  Osteoporos Int . 1993;  3 138-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Gordon C L, Lang T F, Augat P, Genant H K. Image-based assessment of spinal structure bone from high-resolution CT images.  Osteoporos Int . 1998;  8 317-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Cortet B, Dubois P, Boutry N. Image analysis of the distal radius network using computed tomography.  Osteoporos Int . 1999;  9 410-419
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Majumdar S, Genant H K, Grampp S. Correlation of trabecular bone structure with age, bone mineral density and osteoporotic status: in vivo studies in the distal radius using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.  J Bone Miner Res . 1997;  12 111-118
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Lin J C, Amling M, Newitt D C. Heterogeneity of trabecular bone structure in the calcaneus using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).  Osteoporos Int . 1996;  8 16-24
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Link T M, Majumdar S, Lin J C. A comparative study of trabecular bone properties in the spine and femur using high resolution MRI and CT.  J Bone Miner Res . 1998;  13 122-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Link T M, Majumdar S, Augat P. In vivo high resolution MRI of the calcaneus: differences in trabecular structure in osteoporosis patients.  J Bone Miner Res . 1998;  13 1175-1182
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Majumdar S, Newitt D, Mathur A. Magnetic resonance imaging of trabecular bone structure in the distal radius: relationship with x-ray tomographic microscopy and biomechanics.  Osteoporos Int . 1996;  6 376-385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Kuehn B, Stampa B, Heller M, Glueer C C. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone structure of the human phalanges using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.  Osteoporos Int . 1997;  7 291
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Wehrli F W, Gomberg B R, Saha P K. Digital topological analysis of in vivo magnetic resonance microimages of trabecular bone reveals structural implications of osteoporosis.  J Bone Miner Res . 2001;  16 1520-1531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Wehrli F W, Hwang S N, Ma J. Cancellous bone volume and structure in the forearm: noninvasive assessment with MR microimaging and image processing.  Radiology . 1998;  206 347-357
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Hipp J A, Jansujwicz A, Simmons C, Snyder B. Trabecular bone morphology from micro-magnetic resonance imaging.  J Bone Miner Res . 1996;  11 286-292
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Chung H W, Wehrli F W, William J L, Kugelmass S D, Wehrli S L. Quantitative analysis of trabecular microstructure by 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.  J Bone Miner Res . 1995;  10 803-811
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Chung H W, Wehrli F W, Williams J L, Wehrli S L. Three dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance micro-imaging of trabecular bone.  J Bone Miner Res . 1995;  10 1452-1461
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Majumdar S, Newitt D, Jergas M. Evaluation of technical factors affecting the quantification of trabecular bone structure using magnetic resonance imaging.  Bone . 1995;  17 417-430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Majumdar S, Link T M, Augat P. Trabecular bone architecture in the distal radius using MR imaging in subjects with fractures of the proximal femur.  Osteoporos Int . 1999;  10 231-239
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Link T M, Lotter A, Beyer F. Post-cardiac transplantation changes in calcaneal trabecular bone structure: a magnetic resonance imaging study.  Radiology . 2000;  217 855-862
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Link T M, Saborowski S, Kisters K. Changes in calcaneal trabecular bone structure assessed with high resolution MRI in patients with kidney transplantation.  Osteoporos Int . 2002;  13 119-129
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Link T M, Vieth V, Matheis J. Bone structure of the distal radius and the calcaneus versus BMD of the spine and proximal femur in the prediction of osteoporotic spine fractures.  Eur Radiol . 2002;  12 401-408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Ouyang X, Selby K, Lang P, Majumdar S, Genant H. High resolution MR imaging of the calcaneus: age-related changes in trabecular structure and comparison with DXA measurements.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1997;  60 139-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Wu Z, Chung H, Wehrli F. Sub voxel tissue classification in NMR microscopic images of trabecular bone. New York, Proceedings of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine; April 1993: 451
    Google Scholar
  • 61 Vieth V, Link T M, Lotter A. Does the trabecular structure depicted by high resolution MRI of the calcaneus reflect the true bone structure?.  Invest Radiol . 2001;  36 210-217
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Majumdar S, Weinstein R S, Prasad R R. Application of fractal geometry techniques to the study of trabecular bone.  Med Phys . 1993;  20 1611-1619
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Majumdar S, Weinstein R S, Prasad R R. The fractal dimension of trabecular bone: a measure of trabecular structure.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1993;  52 168
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Majumdar S, Genant H K, Grampp S. Analysis of trabecular bone structure in the distal radius using high-resolution MRI.  Eur Radiol . 1994;  4 517-524
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Buckland-Wright J C, Lynch J A, Rymer J, Fogelman I. Fractal signature analysis of macroradiographs measures trabecular organization in lumbar vertebrae of postmenopausal women.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1994;  54 106-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Prasad R, Majumdar S. Fractal geometry as a means of assessing trabecular structure. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference; Santa Fe, NM, 1991: 1844
    Google Scholar
  • 67 Stelt D, Geraets W GM. The use of fractal dimension to describe the trabecular pattern in osteoporosis.  J Dental Res . 1990;  69 287
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Weinstein R S, Majumdar S. Fractal geometry and vertebral compression fractures.  Bone Min Res . 1994;  9 1797-1802
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Link T M, Majumdar S, Lin J C. Assessment of trabecular structure using high-resolution CT images and texture analysis.  J Comput Assist Tomogr . 1998;  22 15-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Link T M, Majumdar S, Lin J. Texture analysis of magnification radiographs in correlation with compressive strength of human vertebrae and bone mineral density.  J Bone Miner Res . 1996;  11(Suppl 1) S475
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Veenland J F, Grashuis J L, Gelsema E S, Beckers A LD, van Kujik C. Texture analysis of trabecular bone in radiographs to detect osteoporosis. Symposium for Computer Assisted Radiology; Winston-Salem, NC, June, 1994: 77-82
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Veenland J F, Link T M, Konermann W. Unraveling the role of structure and density in determining vertebral bone strength.  Calcif Tissue Int . 1997;  61 474-479
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Laib A, Barou O, Vico L. 3D micro-computed tomography of trabecular and cortical bone architecture with application to a rat model of immobilisation osteoporosis.  Med Biol Eng Comput . 2000;  38 326-332
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Borah B, Dufresne T E, Cockman M D. Evaluation of changes in trabecular bone architecture and mechanical properties of minipig vertebrae by three-dimensional magnetic resonance microimaging and finite element modeling.  J Bone Miner Res . 2000;  15 1786-1797
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Majumdar S, Newitt D C, Kothari M. Measuring 3D trabecular structure and anisotropy using magnetic resonance.  Osteoporosis Int . 1997;  7 272
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Newitt D C, Majumdar S, van Rietbergen B. In vivo assessment of architecture and micro-finite element analysis derived indices of mechanical properties of trabecular bone in the radius.  Osteoporos Int . 2002;  13 6-17
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Newitt D C, van Rietbergen B, Majumdar S. Processing and analysis of in vivo high-resolution MR images of trabecular bone for longitudinal studies: reproducibility of structural measures and micro-finite element analysis derived mechanical properties.  Osteoporos Int . 2002;  13 278-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Ulrich D, van Rietbergen B, Laib A, Ruegsegger P. The ability of three-dimensional structural indices to reflect mechanical aspects of trabecular bone.  Bone . 1999;  25 55-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar