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DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-25044
Grundlagen der In-vivo-Regeneration im Kopf-Hals-Bereich
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
12. April 2002 (online)
1 Stellung der In-vivo-Regeneration in der Regenerationsmedizin
1.1 Die In-vivo-Regeneration - anspruchsvolles Konzept der Regenerationsmedizin
„If there were no regeneration, there could be no life.
If everything regenerated there would be no death.”
(Richard Goss, „Principles of Regeneration”, 1969)
Die Regenerationsmedizin verspricht eine der Schlüsseldisziplinen in der Biomedizin des 21. Jahrhunderts zu werden. Derzeit werden bei der Entwicklung der Regenerationsmedizin drei Konzepte unterschieden. Diese sind (1) die Zelltransplantation unter Verwendung multi- und pluripotenter Stammzellen, (2) die bioartifizielle Gewebeimplantation durch Zellaussaat auf biokompatiblen und biodegradierbaren Materialien und (3) die In-vivo-Regeneration durch Stimulation zellulärer Regeneration in Residualgeweben. Die wissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen dieser drei anwendungsorientierten Konzepte werden in bestimmten Disziplinen der Grundlagenforschung geschaffen. Für die Zelltransplantation sind Stammzellbiologie und Immunologie von Bedeutung. Bei der Implantation bioartifizieller Gewebe ist durch die Zusammenfassung von Biomaterialwissenschaft und Zellbiologie unter dem Begriff „tissue engineering” eine neue Disziplin definiert worden. Für die In-vivo-Regeneration finden sich entscheidende regenerationsbiologische Ausgangspunkte in der Entwicklungsbiologie, der Zellzyklusbiologie und der Altersbiologie. Sie lassen sich unter dem zwar nicht neuen, aber bisher wenig verbreiteten Begriff der Regenerationsbiologie zusammenfassen (s. Abb. [1]).
Abb. 1 Die in der Regenerationsmedizin derzeit bestehenden Konzepte sind die Zelltransplantation, die bioartifizielle Gewebeimplantation und die In-vivo-Regeneration. Diesen Gebieten sind jeweils Disziplinen der Grundlagenwissenschaft zugeordnet. Die Zelltransplantation versucht mit Hilfe autogener, allogener und xenogener Zelltransplantation eine Geweberegeneration zu induzieren. Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen hierzu kommen aus der Stammzellbiologie. Bei der bioartifiziellen Gewebeimplantation werden Biomaterialgerüste mit Zellen besiedelt und anschließend implantiert. Zellbiologie und Biomaterialwissenschaft werden als zugeordnete Grundlagenwissenschaften unter dem Begriff tissue engineering zusammengefasst. Bei den verwendeten Zellen kann es sich wie bei der Zellimplantation z. B. um Stammzellen handeln, so dass hier eine Verbindung zwischen den beiden Konzepten besteht. Die In-vivo-Regeneration nutzt oder induziert die körpereigene Regenerationskompetenz in Residualgeweben. Da die Regenerationskompetenz zum Teil von im Gewebe residenten Stammzellen abhängt, besteht ein Bezug zur Stammzellbiologie und Zellimplantation. Auch implantierte Biomaterialien können die körpereigenen Regenerationsmechnismen leiten oder verstärken.Derzeit befinden sich alle drei genannten Konzepte noch in der Frühphase ihrer Entwicklung, und es bleibt offen, welches Konzept der Lösung einer bestimmten medizinischen Problemstellung dienen kann. Dennoch lassen sich bei der jeweiligen Grundkonzeption jeweils einige Vor- und Nachteile erkennen, die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der jeweiligen Konzepte bestimmen werden. Die Forschung sieht sich entsprechend mit der Lösung spezifischer Aufgaben konfrontiert.
Für die Stammzellbiologie und das tissue engineering sind dies Fragen (1) der gerichteten Zelldifferenzierung, (2) der Immunabstoßung und (3) ethische Überlegungen. Autogene und allogene Stammzellen stellen eine theoretisch unerschöpfliche Quelle für die direkte Zelltransplantation und die Besiedlung bioartifizieller Organe dar [106]. Der sinnvolle Einsatz dieser Zellen wird jedoch davon abhängen, ob man in der Lage ist, primär undifferenzierte Stammzellen in vitro durch Stimulation mit geeigneten Wachstumsfaktoren in Richtung des gewünschten Phänotyps zu differenzieren, um diese ausgereiften Zellen anschließend in ein ihnen entsprechendes Zielgewebe zu transplantieren. Bei direkter Transplantation von Stammzellen in ein Zielgewebe ist zu untersuchen, ob die Umgebung des adulten Zielgewebes bei Aufnahme undifferenzierter Zellen in der Lage ist, durch lokale vorhandene Faktoren aus der Gewebeumgebung eine gerichtete Differenzierung einzuleiten und diese Zellen funktionell in den Gewebeverband zu integrieren. Beim Aufbau eines Gewebeverbands können durch das tissue engineering mit Hilfe von Biomaterialien geeignete dreidimensionale Strukturen vorgegeben werden, die die Bildung eines Gewebemusters unterstützen bzw. erst erlauben. Die Anforderung an die Materialien sind hoch. Im Sinne eines biomimetischen Musters soll das Biomaterial sowohl konduktive Eigenschaften zur Ermöglichung einer Zelladhäsion und Zellmigration als auch induktive Eigenschaften besitzen, die Zellteilung, Zelldifferenzierung und Gewebeintegration bewirken. Darüber hinaus sollen die Materialien biokompatibel sein und nicht zu einer immunologischen Entzündungs- oder Abstoßungsreaktion führen. Die Verwendung allogener oder xenogener Zellen oder Gewebe bei direkter Transplantation oder in der Kombination mit Biomaterialien bei der Implantation bioartifizieller Gewebe erfordert die Induktion der Immuntoleranz des Empfängers. Hier bemüht man sich mittlerweile neben der medikamentösen Immunsuppression auch um genetische und zellbiologische Strategien. Die ethischen Bedenken bei der Zelltransplantation betreffen die Quelle humaner Stammzellen aus Embryonen oder Föten, die Möglichkeit der Übertragung pathogener Xenomikroorganismen bei tierischem Zell- oder Organursprung sowie so genannte „Monsterexperimente” durch die Schaffung von Tier-Mensch-Zellhybriden oder Embryo-Adult-Zellhybriden. All diese Einwände sind zu berücksichtigen und werden Grenzen aufzeigen.
Die In-vivo-Regeneration umgeht durch Nutzung und Aktivierung der ausschließlich körpereigenen Regenerationsfähigkeit die genannten immunologischen und ethischen Fragen wie sie für die Zelltransplantation und die bioartifizielle Gewebeimplantation zwangsläufig auftreten. Andererseits ist die In-vivo-Regeneration aufgrund der stark limitierten Regenerationskompetenz körpereigener Gewebe in der schwierigsten und gleichzeitig bisher am wenigsten erforschten Ausgangssituation. Bevor die Stimulation von Regeneration in vivo eine klinische Realität werden kann, ist es Aufgabe der regenerationsbiologischen Forschung, (1) Zellen und Gewebe hinsichtlich ihrer Regenerationskompetenz zu klassifizieren, (2) dort wo Regenerationskompetenz nicht vorliegt, diese wiederherzuherstellen und (3) die Signalkaskaden regenerationsbiologisch relevanter Prozesse wie Zellteilung und Zelldifferenzierung auf molekularer Ebene verstehen und steuern zu lernen.
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Dr. med. H. Löwenheim
Universitäts-Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik
Silcherstrasse 5 · 72076 Tübingen ·
eMail: hubert.loewenheim@uni-tuebingen.de