RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-17550
History, Heterogeneity, Developmental Biology, and Functions of Quiescent Hepatic Stellate Cells
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
01. Oktober 2001 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sld/200103/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-2001-17550-1.jpg)
ABSTRACT
In 1876, von Kupffer described liver Sternzellen (star-shaped cells). The functions of these cells remained enigmatic for 75 years until Ito observed lipid-containing perisinusoidal cells in human liver. In 1971, Wake demonstrated that the Sternzellen of von Kupffer and the fat-storing cells described by Ito were identical. Wake also established that these cells were important sites of vitamin A storage. Soon thereafter, Kent and Popper demonstrated that the stellate cells were intimately linked to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Since then, these cells have been studied in detail. Quiescent stellate cells represent 5-8% of the total number of liver cells. They play a cardinal role in storage and controlled release of retinoids. They control extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover in the space of Disse by secreting the correct amounts of a limited number of ECM molecules, and by releasing matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. By virtue of their long cytoplasmic processes, quiescent stellate cells presumably contribute to the control of blood flow through the sinusoidal capillaries. They are important sources of paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine, and chemoattractant factors that maintain homeostasis in the microenvironment of the hepatic sinusoid.
KEYWORD
Liver - hepatic stellate cells - extrahepatic stellate cells - vitamin A - extracellular matrix - sinusoidal blood flow - intercellular communication - fibrosis - cirrhosis - portal hypertension - liver cancer
REFERENCES
- 1 Kupffer K. Uber Sternzellen der Leber. Briefliche Mitteilung an Professor Waldeyer. Arch Mikr Anat . 1876; 12 353-358
- 2 Wake K. Perisinusoidal stellate cells (fat-storing cells, interstitial cells, lipocytes), their related structure in and around the liver sinusoids, and vitamin A-storing cells in extrahepatic organs. Int Rev Cytol . 1980; 66 303-353
- 3 Zimmerman K. Uber das Verhaltniss der ``Kupfferschen Sternzellen'' zum Endothel der Leberkapillaren beim Menschen. Ztsch Mikr Anat Forsch . 2001; 14 528-548
- 4 Ito T, Nemoto M. Uber die Kupfferschen Sternzellen und die ``Fettspeicherungszellen'' (fat storing cells) in der Blutkapillarenwand der menschlichen Leber. Okajima Folia Anat Jpn . 1952; 24 243-258
- 5 Wake K. ``Sternzellen'' in the liver: perisinusoidal cells with special reference to storage of vitamin A. Am J Anat . 1971; 132 429-462
- 6 McGee J O, Patrick R S. The role of perisinusoidal cells in hepatic fibrogenesis. An electron microscopic study of acute carbon tetrachloride liver injury. Lab Invest . 1972; 26 429-440
- 7 McGee J O, Patrick R S. The role of perisinusoidal cells in experimental hepatic fibrogenesis. J Pathol . 1972; 106 vi
- 8 Kent G, Gay S, Inouye T. Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1976; 73 3719-3722
- 9 Aterman K. The parasinusoidal cells of the liver: a historical account. Histochem J . 1986; 18 279-305
- 10 de Leeuw M A, McCarthy S P, Geerts A, Knook D L. Purified rat liver fat-storing cells in culture divide and contain collagen. Hepatology . 1984; 4 392-403
- 11 Friedman S L, Rockey D C, McGuire R F. Isolated hepatic lipocytes and Kupffer cells from normal human liver: morphological and functional characteristics in primary culture. Hepatology . 1992; 15 234-243
- 12 Friedman S L, Roll F J. Isolation and culture of hepatic lipocytes, Kupffer cells, and sinusoidal endothelial cells by density gradient centrifugation with Stractan. Anal Biochem . 1987; 161 207-218
- 13 Geerts A, Vrijsen R, Rauterberg J. In vitro differentiation of fat-storing cells parallels marked increase of collagen synthesis and secretion. J Hepatol . 1989; 9 59-68
- 14 Blomhoff R. Hepatic retinol metabolism: role of the various cell types. Nutr Rev . 1987; 45 257-263
- 15 Hendriks H F, Blaner W S, Wennekers H M. Distributions of retinoids, retinoid-binding proteins and related parameters in different types of liver cells isolated from young and old rats. Eur J Biochem . 1988; 171 237-244
- 16 Blaner W S, Hendriks H F, Brouwer A. Retinoids, retinoid-binding proteins, and retinyl palmitate hydrolase distributions in different types of rat liver cells. J Lipid Res . 1985; 26 1241-1251
- 17 Maher J J, Bissell D M, Friedman S L, Roll F J. Collagen measured in primary cultures of normal rat hepatocytes derives from lipocytes within the monolayer. J Clin Invest . 1988; 82 450-459
- 18 Ramadori G, Rieder H, Knittel T. Fat storing cells (FSC) of rat liver synthesize and secrete fibronectin. Comparison with hepatocytes. J Hepatol . 1987; 4 190-197
- 19 Schafer S, Zerbe O, Gressner A M. The synthesis of proteoglycans in fat-storing cells of rat liver. Hepatology . 1987; 7 680-687
- 20 Yokoi Y, Namihisa T, Kuroda H. Immunocytochemical detection of desmin in fat-storing cells (Ito cells). Hepatology . 1984; 4 709-714
- 21 Gard A L, White F P, Dutton G R. Extra-neural glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in perisinusoidal stellate cells of rat liver. J Neuroimmunol . 1985; 8 359-375
- 22 Pinzani M, Gesualdo L, Sabbah G M, Abboud H E. Effects of platelet-derived growth factor and other polypeptide mitogens on DNA synthesis and growth of cultured rat liver fat-storing cells. J Clin Invest . 1989; 84 1786-1793
- 23 Davis B H. Transforming growth factor beta responsiveness is modulated by the extracellular collagen matrix during hepatic ito cell culture. J Cell Physiol . 1988; 136 547-553
- 24 Czaja M J, Weiner F R, Flanders K C. In vitro and in vivo association of transforming growth factor-beta 1 with hepatic fibrosis. J Cell Biol . 1989; 108 2477-2482
- 25 Bachem M G, Riess U, Gressner A M. Liver fat storing cell proliferation is stimulated by epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor alpha and inhibited by transforming growth factor beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1989; 162 708-714
- 26 Parola M, Pinzani M, Casini A. Stimulation of lipid peroxidation or 4-hydroxynonenal treatment increases procollagen alpha 1 (I) gene expression in human liver fat-storing cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1993; 194 1044-1050
- 27 Arthur M J, Friedman S L, Roll F J, Bissell D M. Lipocytes from normal rat liver release a neutral metalloproteinase that degrades basement membrane (type IV) collagen. J Clin Invest . 1989; 84 1076-1085
- 28 Tran-Thi T A, Kawada N, Decker K. Regulation of endothelin-1 action on the perfused rat liver. FEBS Lett . 1993; 318 353-357
- 29 Rockey D C, Housset C N, Friedman S L. Activation-dependent contractility of rat hepatic lipocytes in culture and in vivo. J Clin Invest . 1993; 92 1795-1804
- 30 Issa R, Williams E, Trim N. Apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells: involvement in resolution of biliary fibrosis and regulation by soluble growth factors. Gut . 2001; 48 548-557
- 31 Trim N, Morgan S, Evans M. Hepatic stellate cells express the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75 and undergo apoptosis in response to nerve growth factor stimulation. Am J Pathol . 2000; 156 1235-1243
- 32 Saile B, Matthes N, Knittel T, Ramadori G. Transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibit both apoptosis and proliferation of activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology . 1999; 30 196-202
- 33 Hepatic stellate cell nomenclature [Letter]. Hepatology . 1996; 23 193
- 34 Kristensen D B, Kawada N, Imamura K. Proteome analysis of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology . 2000; 32 268-277
- 35 Geerts A, Niki T, Hellemans K. Purification of rat hepatic stellate cells by side scatter-activated cell sorting. Hepatology . 1998; 27 590-598
- 36 Blouin A, Bolender R P, Weibel E R. Distribution of organelles and membranes between hepatocytes and nonhepatocytes in the rat liver parenchyma. A stereological study. J Cell Biol . 1977; 72 441-455
- 37 Wisse E, Knook D. The investigation of sinusoidal cells: a new approach to the study of liver function. In: Popper H, Schaffner F, eds. Progress in Liver Disease New York: Grune & Stratton 1979: 153-171
- 38 Ballardini G, Degli E S, Bianchi F B. Correlation between Ito cells and fibrogenesis in an experimental model of hepatic fibrosis. A sequential stereological study. Liver . 1983; 3 58-63
- 39 Leo M A, Lieber C S. Hepatic fibrosis after long-term administration of ethanol and moderate vitamin A supplementation in the rat. Hepatology . 1983; 3 1-11
- 40 Wale K. Liver perivascular cells revealed by gold- and silver-impregnation methods and electron microscopy. In: Motta P, ed. Biopathology of the Liver: An Ultrastructural Approach Dordrecht: Kluwer; 2001: 23-26
- 41 Pinzani M, Gentilini P. Biology of hepatic stellate cells and their possible relevance in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis . 1999; 19 397-410
- 42 Ito T. Recent advances in the study on the fine structure of the hepatic sinusoidal wall. Gumna Rep Med Sci . 1973; 6 119-163
- 43 Wake K. Development of vitamin A-rich lipid droplets in multivesicular bodies of rat liver stellate cells. J Cell Biol . 1974; 63 683-691
- 44 Yamamoto K, Ogawa K. Fine structure and cytochemistry of lysosomes in the Ito cells of the rat liver. Cell Tissue Res . 1983; 233 45-57
- 45 Geerts A, Lazou J M, De Bleser P, Wisse E. Tissue distribution, quantitation and proliferation kinetics of fat-storing cells in carbon tetrachloride-injured rat liver. Hepatology . 1991; 13 1193-1202
- 46 Johnson S J, Hines J E, Burt A D. Immunolocalization of proliferating perisinusoidal cells in rat liver. Histochem J . 1992; 24 67-72
- 47 Tanaka Y, Funaki N, Mak K M. Effects of ethanol and hepatic vitamin A on the proliferation of lipocytes in regenerating rat liver. J Hepatol . 1991; 12 344-350
- 48 Tanaka Y, Mak K M, Lieber C S. Immunohistochemical detection of proliferating lipocytes in regenerating rat liver. J Pathol . 1990; 160 129-134
- 49 Ogawa K, Suzuki J, Mukai H, Mori M. Sequential changes of extracellular matrix and proliferation of Ito cells with enhanced expression of desmin and actin in focal hepatic injury. Am J Pathol . 1986; 125 611-619
- 50 Dijkhuis F, Jonker A, Koudstaal J, Hardonck M. Involvement of perisinusoidal fat-storing cells in the development of granulomatous structures in the rat liver. In: Wisse E, Knook D, Decker K, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid (vol. 2) Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation 1989: 76-79
- 51 Burt A D, Robertson J L, Heir J, MacSween R N. Desmin-containing stellate cells in rat liver: distribution in normal animals and response to experimental acute liver injury. J Pathol . 1986; 150 29-35
- 52 Jezequel A M, Mancini R, Rinaldesi M L. Dimethylnitrosamine-induced cirrhosis. Evidence for an immunological mechanism. J Hepatol . 1989; 8 42-52
- 53 Jezequel A M, Mancini R, Rinaldesi M L. A morphological study of the early stages of hepatic fibrosis induced by low doses of dimethylnitrosamine in the rat. J Hepatol . 1987; 5 174-181
- 54 Enzan H. Proliferation of Ito cells (fat-storing cells) in acute carbon tetrachloride liver injury. A light and electron microscopic autoradiographic study. Acta Pathol Jpn . 1985; 35 1301-1308
- 55 Johnson S J, Burr A W, Toole K. Macrophage and hepatic stellate cell responses during experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol . 1998; 13 145-151
- 56 Gressner A M, Bachem M G. Cellular sources of noncollagenous matrix proteins: role of fat-storing cells in fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis . 1990; 10 30-46
- 57 Sztark F, Dubroca J, Latry P. Perisinusoidal cells in patients with normal liver histology. A morphometric study. J Hepatol . 1986; 2 358-369
- 58 Ramm G A, Britton R S, O'Neill R. Vitamin A-poor lipocytes: a novel desmin-negative lipocyte subpopulation, which can be activated to myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol . 1995; 269 G532-G541
- 59 Wake K, Motomatsu K, Senoo H. Improved Kupffer's gold chloride method for demonstrating the stellate cells storing retinol (vitamin A) in the liver and extrahepatic organs of vertebrates. Stain Technol . 1986; 61 193-200
- 60 Nagy N E, Holven K B, Roos N. Storage of vitamin A in extrahepatic stellate cells in normal rats. J Lipid Res . 1997; 38 645-658
- 61 Ekataksin W, Kaneda K. Liver microvascular architecture: an insight into the pathophysiology of portal hypertension. Semin Liver Dis . 1999; 19 359-382
- 62 Kobayashi Y, Fujiyama S. Pathological study on gold impregnation of fat-storing cells in human liver. Acta Pathol Jpn . 1981; 31 65-74
- 63 Russell R M, Boyer J L, Bagheri S A, Hruban Z. Hepatic injury from chronic hypervitaminosis a resulting in portal hypertension and ascites. N Engl J Med . 1974; 291 435-440
- 64 Tsutsumi M, Takada A, Takase S. Characterization of desmin-positive rat liver sinusoidal cells. Hepatology . 1987; 7 277-284
- 65 Rockey D C, Friedman S L. Cytoskeleton of liver perisinusoidal cells (lipocytes) in normal and pathological conditions. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton . 1992; 22 227-234
- 66 Ballardini G, Groff P, Badiali D G. Ito cell heterogeneity: desmin-negative Ito cells in normal rat liver. Hepatology . 1994; 19 440-446
- 67 Niki T, De Bleser J P, Xu G. Comparison of glial fibrillary acidic protein and desmin staining in normal and CCl4-induced fibrotic rat livers. Hepatology . 1996; 23 1538-1545
- 68 Kawada N. The hepatic perisinusoidal stellate cell. Histol Histopathol . 1997; 12 1069-1080
- 69 Neubauer K, Knittel T, Aurisch S. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-a cell type specific marker for Ito cells in vivo and in vitro. J Hepatol . 1996; 24 719-730
- 70 Buniatian G, Gebhardt R, Schrenk D, Hamprecht B. Colocalization of three types of intermediate filament proteins in perisinusoidal stellate cells: glial fibrillary acidic protein as a new cellular marker. Eur J Cell Biol . 1996; 70 23-32
- 71 Levy M T, McCaughan G W, Abbott C A. Fibroblast activation protein: a cell surface dipeptidyl peptidase and gelatinase expressed by stellate cells at the tissue remodelling interface in human cirrhosis. Hepatology . 1999; 29 1768-1778
- 72 Ramadori G, Veit T, Schwogler S. Expression of the gene of the alpha-smooth muscle-actin isoform in rat liver and in rat fat-storing (ITO) cells. Virchows Arch [B] . 1990; 59 349-357
- 73 Rockey D C, Boyles J K, Gabbiani G, Friedman S L. Rat hepatic lipocytes express smooth muscle actin upon activation in vivo and in culture. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol . 1992; 24 193-203
- 74 Schmitt-Graff A, Kruger S, Bochard F. Modulation of alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin expression in perisinusoidal cells of normal and diseased human livers. Am J Pathol . 1991; 138 1233-1242
- 75 Enzan H, Himeno H, Iwamura S. Immunohistochemical identification of Ito cells and their myofibroblastic transformation in adult human liver. Virchows Arch . 1994; 424 249-256
- 76 Kato M, Kato K, Goodman D S. Immunocytochemical studies on the localization of plasma and of cellular retinol-binding proteins and of transthyretin (prealbumin) in rat liver and kidney. J Cell Biol . 1984; 98 1696-1704
- 77 Kato M, Kato K, Goodman D S. Immunochemical studies on the localization and on the concentration of cellular retinol-binding protein in rat liver during perinatal development. Lab Invest . 1985; 52 475-484
- 78 Zhai Y, Sperkova Z, Napoli J L. Cellular expression of retinal dehydrogenase types 1 and 2: effects of vitamin A status on testis mRNA. J Cell Physiol . 2001; 186 220-232
- 79 Cassiman D, Denef C, Desmet V J, Roskams T. Human and rat hepatic stellate cells express neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors. Hepatology . 2001; 33 148-158
- 80 Nakatani K, Seki S, Kawada N. Expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in perisinusoidal stellate cells of the human liver. Cell Tissue Res . 1996; 283 159-165
- 81 Knittel T, Aurisch S, Neubauer K. Cell type-specific expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in Ito cells of rat liver. Up-regulation during in vitro activation and in hepatic tissue repair. Am J Pathol . 1996; 149 449-462
- 82 Knittel T, Dinter C, Kobold D. Expression and regulation of cell adhesion molecules by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) of rat liver: involvement of HSC in recruitment of inflammatory cells during hepatic tissue repair. Am J Pathol . 1999; 154 153-167
- 83 Pinzani M, Milani S, Herbst H. Expression of platelet-derived growth factor and its receptors in normal human liver and during active hepatic fibrogenesis. Am J Pathol . 1996; 148 785-800
- 84 De Bleser J P, Jannes P, Buul-Offers S C. Insulinlike growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor is expressed on CCl4-exposed rat fat-storing cells and facilitates activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta in cocultures with sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology . 1995; 21 1429-1437
- 85 Ikeda K, Kawada N, Wang Y Q. Expression of cellular prion protein in activated hepatic stellate cells. Am J Pathol . 1998; 153 1695-1700
- 86 Cassiman D, van Pelt J, De Vos R. Synaptophysin: a novel marker for human and rat hepatic stellate cells. Am J Pathol . 1999; 155 1831-1839
- 87 Nishi M, Takeshima H, Houtani T. RhoN, a novel small GTP-binding protein expressed predominantly in neurons and hepatic stellate cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res . 1999; 67 74-81
- 88 Edelmann L, Hanson P I, Chapman E R, Jahn R. Synaptobrevin binding to synaptophysin: a potential mechanism for controlling the exocytotic fusion machine. EMBO J . 1995; 14 224-231
- 89 Alder J, Xie Z P, Valtorta F. Antibodies to synaptophysin interfere with transmitter secretion at neuromuscular synapses. Neuron . 1992; 9 759-768
- 90 Schirmacher P, Geerts A, Pietrangelo A. Hepatocyte growth factor/hepatopoietin A is expressed in fat-storing cells from rat liver but not myofibroblast-like cells derived from fat- storing cells. Hepatology . 1992; 15 5-11
- 91 Ramadori G, Neubauer K, Odenthal M. The gene of hepatocyte growth factor is expressed in fat-storing cells of rat liver and is downregulated during cell growth and by transforming growth factor-beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1992; 183 739-742
- 92 Kawada N, Uoya M, Seki S. Regulation by cAMP of STAT1 activation in hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1997; 233 464-469
- 93 Lang A, Schrum L W, Schoonhoven R. Expression of small heat shock protein alphaB-crystallin is induced after hepatic stellate cell activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol . 2000; 279 G1333-G1342
- 94 Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D. Cellular localization of laminin gene transcripts in normal and fibrotic human liver. Am J Pathol . 1989; 134 1175-1182
- 95 Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D. In situ hybridization for procollagen types I, III and IV mRNA in normal and fibrotic rat liver: evidence for predominant expression in nonparenchymal liver cells. Hepatology . 1989; 10 84-92
- 96 Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D. Procollagen expression by nonparenchymal rat liver cells in experimental biliary fibrosis. Gastroenterology . 1990; 98 175-184
- 97 Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D. Cellular localization of type I III and IV procollagen gene transcripts in normal and fibrotic human liver. Am J Pathol . 1990; 137 59-70
- 98 Milani S, Herbst H, Schuppan D. Cellular sources of extracellular matrix proteins in normal and fibrotic liver. Studies of gene expression by in situ hybridization. J Hepatol . 1995; 22 71-76
- 99 Herbst H, Frey A, Heinrichs O. Heterogeneity of liver cells expressing procollagen types I and IV in vivo. Histochem Cell Biol . 1997; 107 399-409
- 100 Blomhoff R, Berg T. Isolation and cultivation of rat liver stellate cells. Methods Enzymol . 1990; 190 58-71
- 101 Greenwel P, Schwartz M, Rosas M. Characterization of fat-storing cell lines derived from normal and CCl4- cirrhotic livers. Differences in the production of interleukin-6. Lab Invest . 1991; 65 644-653
- 102 Friedman S L, Roll F J, Boyles J, Bissell D M. Hepatic lipocytes: the principal collagen-producing cells of normal rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1985; 82 8681-8685
- 103 Galambos J T, Hollingsworth Jr A M, Falek A. The rate of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen by fibroblasts cultured from adult human liver biopsies. J Clin Invest . 1977; 60 107-114
- 104 Voss B, Rauterberg J, Pott G. Nonparenchymal cells cultivated from explants of fibrotic liver resemble endothelial and smooth muscle cells from blood vessel walls. Hepatology . 1982; 2 19-28
- 105 Blazejewski S, Preaux A M, Mallat A. Human myofibroblastlike cells obtained by outgrowth are representative of the fibrogenic cells in the liver. Hepatology . 1995; 22 788-797
- 106 Mallat A, Fouassier L, Preaux A M. Growth inhibitory properties of endothelin-1 in human hepatic myofibroblastic Ito cells. An endothelin B receptor-mediated pathway. J Clin Invest . 1995; 96 42-49
- 107 Mallat A, Preaux A M, Blazejewski S. Effect of simvastatin, an inhibitor of hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, on the growth of human Ito cells. Hepatology . 1994; 20 1589-1594
- 108 Tao J, Mallat A, Gallois C. Biological effects of C-type natriuretic peptide in human myofibroblastic hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem . 1999; 274 23761-23769
- 109 Borojevic R, Monteiro A N, Vinhas S A. Establishment of a continuous cell line from fibrotic schistosomal granulomas in mice livers. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol . 1985; 21 382-390
- 110 Greenwel P, Rubin J, Schwartz M. Liver fat-storing cell clones obtained from a CCl4-cirrhotic rat are heterogeneous with regard to proliferation, expression of extracellular matrix components, interleukin-6, and connexin 43. Lab Invest . 1993; 69 210-216
- 111 Murakami K, Abe T, Miyazawa M. Establishment of a new human cell line, LI90, exhibiting characteristics of hepatic Ito (fat-storing) cells. Lab Invest . 1995; 72 731-739
- 112 Horie S, Kitamura Y, Kawasaki H. Inhibitory effects of antisense oligonucleotides on the expression of procollagen type III gene in mouse hepatic stellate cells transformed by simian virus 40. Pathol Int . 2000; 50 937-944
- 113 Kim Y, Ratziu V, Choi S G. Transcriptional activation of transforming growth factor beta 1 and its receptors by the Kruppel-like factor Zf9/core promoter-binding protein and Sp1. Potential mechanisms for autocrine fibrogenesis in response to injury. J Biol Chem . 1998; 273 33750-33758
- 114 Weill F X, Blazejewski S, Blanc J F. Characterization of a new human liver myofibroblast cell line: transcriptional regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I by transforming growth factor beta 1. Lab Invest . 1997; 77 63-70
- 115 Sandmeyer S, Smith R, Kiehn D, Bornstein P. Correlation of collagen synthesis and procollagen messenger RNA levels with transformation in rat embryo fibroblasts. Cancer Res . 1981; 41 830-838
- 116 Margis R, Pinheiro-Margis M, da Silva C L, Borojevic R. Effects of retinol on proliferation, cell adherence and extracellular matrix synthesis in a liver myofibroblast or lipocyte cell line (GRX). Int J Exp Pathol . 1992; 73 125-135
- 117 Vicente C P, Fortuna V A, Margis R. Retinol uptake and metabolism, and cellular retinol binding protein expression in an in vitro model of hepatic stellate cells. Mol Cell Biochem . 1998; 187 11-21
- 118 Vicente C P, Guaragna R M, Borojevic R. Lipid metabolism during in vitro induction of the lipocyte phenotype in hepatic stellate cells. Mol Cell Biochem . 1997; 168 31-39
- 119 Wake K, Sato T. Intralobular heterogeneity of perisinusoidal stellate cells in porcine liver. Cell Tissue Res . 1993; 273 227-237
- 120 Zou Z, Ekataksin W, Wake K. Zonal and regional differences identified from precision mapping of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets of the hepatic stellate cells in pig liver: a novel concept of addressing the intralobular area of heterogeneity. Hepatology . 1998; 27 1098-1108
- 121 Nakatani K, Seki S, Kawada N. Expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in perisinusoidal stellate cells of the human liver. Cell Tissue Res . 1996; 283 159-165
- 122 Eliasson C, Sahlgren C, Berthold C H. Intermediate filament protein partnership in astrocytes. J Biol Chem . 1999; 274 23996-24006
- 123 Li Z, Mericskay M, Agbulut O. Desmin is essential for the tensile strength and integrity of myofibrils but not for myogenic commitment, differentiation, and fusion of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol . 1997; 139 129-144
- 124 Milner D J, Taffet G E, Wang X. The absence of desmin leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac dilation with compromised systolic function. J Mol Cell Cardiol . 1999; 31 2063-2076
- 125 Sjuve R, Arner A, Li Z. Mechanical alterations in smooth muscle from mice lacking desmin. J Muscle Res Cell Motil . 1998; 19 415-429
- 126 Geerts A, Eliasson C, Niki T. Formation of normal desmin intermediate filaments in mouse hepatic stellate cells requires vimentin. Hepatology . 2001; 33 177-188
- 127 Tiniakos D G, Lee J A, Burt A D. Innervation of the liver: morphology and function. Liver . 1996; 16 151-160
- 128 Reid L M, Fiorino A S, Sigal S H. Extracellular matrix gradients in the space of Disse: relevance to liver biology. Hepatology . 1992; 15 1198-1203
- 129 Jungermann K. Zonal liver cell heterogeneity. Enzyme . 1992; 46 5-7
- 130 Jungermann K, Thurman R G. Hepatocyte heterogeneity in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Enzyme . 1992; 46 33-58
- 131 Quistorff B, Katz N, Witters L A. Hepatocyte heterogeneity in the metabolism of fatty acids: discrepancies on zonation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Enzyme . 1992; 46 59-71
- 132 Haussinger D, Lamers W H, Moorman A F. Hepatocyte heterogeneity in the metabolism of amino acids and ammonia. Enzyme . 1992; 46 72-93
- 133 Groothuis G M, Meijer D K. Hepatocyte heterogeneity in bile formation and hepatobiliary transport of drugs. Enzyme . 1992; 46 94-138
- 134 Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Rocha M, Asumendi A. Isolation and enrichment of two sublobular compartment-specific endothelial cell subpopulations from liver sinusoids. Hepatology . 1993; 18 328-339
- 135 Zajicek G, Ariel I, Arber N. The streaming liver. III. Littoral cells accompany the streaming hepatocyte. Liver . 1988; 8 213-218
- 136 Arber N, Zajicek G, Ariel I. The streaming liver. II. Hepatocyte life history. Liver . 1988; 8 80-87
- 137 Zajicek G, Oren R, Weinreb Jr M. The streaming liver. Liver . 1985; 5 293-300
- 138 Schaffner F, Barka T, Popper H. Hepatic mesenchymal cell reaction in liver disease. Exp Mol Pathol . 1963; 2 419-441
- 139 Bhathal P S. Presence of modified fibroblasts in cirrhotic livers in man. Pathology . 1972; 4 139-144
- 140 Rudolph R, McClure W J, Woodward M. Contractile fibroblasts in chronic alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterology . 1979; 76 704-709
- 141 Nakano M, Worner T M, Lieber C S. Perivenular fibrosis in alcoholic liver injury: ultrastructure and histologic progression. Gastroenterology . 1982; 83 777-785
- 142 Nakano M, Lieber C S. Ultrastructure of initial stages of perivenular fibrosis in alcohol-fed baboons. Am J Pathol . 1982; 106 145-155
- 143 Bhunchet E, Wake K. Role of mesenchymal cell populations in porcine serum-induced rat liver fibrosis. Hepatology . 1992; 16 1452-1473
- 144 Leo M A, Mak K M, Savolainen E R, Lieber C S. Isolation and culture of myofibroblasts from rat liver. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1985; 180 382-391
- 145 Knittel T, Kobold D, Saile B. Rat liver myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells: different cell populations of the fibroblast lineage with fibrogenic potential. Gastroenterology . 1999; 117 1205-1221
- 146 Korner T, Kircheis G, Holzhausen H, Rath F W. [Morphology of mitotic and postmitotic regeneration of Ito cells in liver after partial hepatectomy in rats]. Acta Histochem Suppl . 1990; 39 239-243
- 147 Korner T, Rath F W. [Cytogenetic relationship between portal fibroblasts and Ito cells of the liver]. Zentralbl Allg Pathol . 1989; 135 277-280
- 148 Knittel T, Kobold D, Piscaglia F. Localization of liver myofibroblasts and hepatic stellate cells in normal and diseased rat livers: distinct roles of (myo-)fibroblast subpopulations in hepatic tissue repair. Histochem Cell Biol . 1999; 112 387-401
- 149 Bachem M G, Schneider E, Gross H. Identification, culture, and characterization of pancreatic stellate cells in rats and humans. Gastroenterology . 1998; 115 421-432
- 150 Apte M V, Haber P S, Applegate T L. Periacinar stellate shaped cells in rat pancreas: identification, isolation, and culture. Gut . 1998; 43 128-133
- 151 Nagy N E, Holven K B, Roos N. Storage of vitamin A in extrahepatic stellate cells in normal rats. J Lipid Res . 1997; 38 645-658
- 152 Levine D, Rockey D C, Milner T A. Expression of the integrin alpha 8 beta 1 during pulmonary and hepatic fibrosis. Am J Pathol . 2000; 156 1927-1935
- 153 Wake K, Motomatsu K, Senoo H. Stellate cells storing retinol in the liver of adult lamprey, Lampetra japonica Cell Tissue Res . 1987; 249 289-299
- 154 Friedman S L. Hepatic stellate cells. Prog Liver Dis . 1996; 14 101-130
- 155 Desmet V. Embryology of the liver and intrahepatic biliary tract, and an overview of malformations of the bile duct. In: McIntyre N, Benhamou J, Bircher J, Rizzetto M, Rodes J, eds. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology Oxford: Oxford University Press 1991: 497-519
- 156 Zaret K S. Liver specification and early morphogenesis. Mech Dev . 2000; 92 83-88
- 157 Morita M, Qun W, Watanabe H. Analysis of the sinusoidal endothelial cell organization during the developmental stage of the fetal rat liver using a sinusoidal endothelial cell specific antibody, SE-1. Cell Struct Funct . 1998; 23 341-348
- 158 Semba R. Digestive system. In: Nishimura H, ed. Atlas of Human Prenatal Anatomy Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin 1983: 171-234
- 159 Naito M, Takahashi K, Ohno H, Nishikawa S. Yolk-sac macrophages-a possible Kupffer cell precursor in fetal mouse liver. In: Wisse E, Knook D, Decker K, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation 1989: 419-420
- 160 Bouwens L, Knook D L, Wisse E. Local proliferation and extrahepatic recruitment of liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) in partial-body irradiated rats. J Leukoc Biol . 1986; 39 687-697
- 161 Bouwens L, Baekeland M, Wisse E. Importance of local proliferation in the expanding Kupffer cell population of rat liver after zymosan stimulation and partial hepatectomy. Hepatology . 1984; 4 213-219
- 162 Wake K, Motomatsu K, Ekataksin W. Postnatal development of the perisinusoidal stellate cells. In: Wisse E, Knook D, McCuskey R, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation 1991: 269-275
- 163 Naito N, Wisse E. Observations on the fine structure and cytochemistry of sinusoidal cells in fetal and neonatal rat liver. In: Wisse E, Knook D,eds. Kupffer Cells and Other Liver Sinusoidal Cells Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press 1977: 497-505
- 164 Bankston P W, Pino R M. The development of the sinusoids of fetal rat liver: morphology of endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and the transmural migration of blood cells into the sinusoids. Am J Anat . 1980; 159 1-15
- 165 Vassy J, Rigaut J P, Briane D, Kraemer M. Confocal microscopy immunofluorescence localization of desmin and other intermediate filament proteins in fetal rat livers. Hepatology . 1993; 17 293-300
- 166 Nitou M, Ishikawa K, Shiojiri N. Immunohistochemical analysis of development of desmin-positive hepatic stellate cells in mouse liver. J Anat . 2000; 197(part 4) 635-646
- 167 Kiassov A P, Van Eyken P, van Pelt F J. Desmin expressing nonhematopoietic liver cells during rat liver development: an immunohistochemical and morphometric study. Differentiation . 1995; 59 253-258
- 168 Niki T, Pekny M, Hellemans K. Class VI intermediate filament protein nestin is induced during activation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology . 1999; 29 520-527
- 169 Friedman S L. Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury. J Biol Chem . 2000; 275 2247-2250
- 170 Hagedorn L, Suter U, Sommer L. P0 and PMP22 mark a multipotent neural crest-derived cell type that displays community effects in response to TGF-beta family factors. Development . 1999; 126 3781-3794
- 171 Morrison S J, White P M, Zock C, Anderson D J. Prospective identification, isolation by flow cytometry, and in vivo self-renewal of multipotent mammalian neural crest stem cells. Cell . 1999; 96 737-749
- 172 Le Douarin N. Migration and differentiation of neural crest cells. Curr Top Dev Biol . 1980; 16 31-85
- 173 Le Douarin M N, Ziller C. Plasticity in neural crest cell differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol . 1993; 5 1036-1043
- 174 Etchevers H C, Vincent C, Le Douarin M N, Couly G F. The cephalic neural crest provides pericytes and smooth muscle cells to all blood vessels of the face and forebrain. Development . 2001; 128 1059-1068
- 175 Theise N D, Badve S, Saxena R. Derivation of hepatocytes from bone marrow cells in mice after radiation-induced myeloablation. Hepatology . 2000; 31 235-240
- 176 Theise N D, Nimmakayalu M, Gardner R. Liver from bone marrow in humans. Hepatology . 2000; 32 11-16
- 177 Alison M R, Poulsom R, Jeffery R. Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells. Nature . 2000; 406 257
- 178 Blomhoff R, Wake K. Perisinusoidal stellate cells of the liver: important roles in retinol metabolism and fibrosis. FASEB J . 1991; 5 271-277
- 179 Blaner W S, Olson J. Retinol and retinoic acid metabolism. In: Sporn M, Roberts A, Goodman D,eds. The Retinoids New York: Raven 1994: 229-256
- 180 Blomhoff R, Norum K R, Berg T. Hepatic uptake of [3H]retinol bound to the serum retinol binding protein involves both parenchymal and perisinusoidal stellate cells. J Biol Chem . 1985; 260 13571-13575
- 181 Blomhoff R, Rasmussen M, Nilsson A. Hepatic retinol metabolism. Distribution of retinoids, enzymes, and binding proteins in isolated rat liver cells. J Biol Chem . 1985; 260 13560-13565
- 182 Hendriks H F, Verhoofstad W A, Brouwer A. Perisinusoidal fat-storing cells are the main vitamin A storage sites in rat liver. Exp Cell Res . 1985; 160 138-149
- 183 Ghyselinck N B, Bavik C, Sapin V. Cellular retinol-binding protein I is essential for vitamin A homeostasis. EMBO J . 1999; 18 4903-4914
- 184 Andersen K B, Nilsson A, Blomhoff H K. Direct mobilization of retinol from hepatic perisinusoidal stellate cells to plasma. J Biol Chem . 1992; 267 1340-1344
- 185 Troen G, Eskild W, Fromm S H. Vitamin A-sensitive tissues in transgenic mice expressing high levels of human cellular retinol-binding protein type I are not altered phenotypically. J Nutr . 1999; 129 1621-1627
- 186 Nilsson A, Troen G, Petersen L B. Retinyl ester storage is altered in liver stellate cells and in HL60 cells transfected with cellular retinol-binding protein type I. Int J Biochem Cell Biol . 1997; 29 381-389
- 187 Ramadori G, Knittel T, Schwogler S. Dexamethasone modulates alpha 2-macroglobulin and apolipoprotein E gene expression in cultured rat liver fat-storing (Ito) cells. Hepatology . 1991; 14 875-882
- 188 Friedman G, Liu L M, Friedman S L, Boyles J K. Apolipoprotein E is secreted by cultured lipocytes of the rat liver. J Lipid Res . 1991; 32 107-114
- 189 Mangelsdorf D, Umesono K, Evans R. The retinoid receptors. In: Sporn M, Roberts A, Goodman D, eds. The Retinoids New York: Raven 1994: 319-349
- 190 Mark M, Ghyselinck N B, Wendling O. A genetic dissection of the retinoid signalling pathway in the mouse. Proc Nutr Soc . 1999; 58 609-613
- 191 Ohata M, Lin M, Satre M, Tsukamoto H. Diminished retinoic acid signaling in hepatic stellate cells in cholestatic liver fibrosis. Am J Physiol . 1997; 272 G589-G596
- 192 Okuno M, Moriwaki H, Imai S. Retinoids exacerbate rat liver fibrosis by inducing the activation of latent TGF-beta in liver stellate cells. Hepatology . 1997; 26 913-921
- 193 Okuno M, Sato T, Kitamoto T. Increased 9,13-di-cis-retinoic acid in rat hepatic fibrosis: implication for a potential link between retinoid loss and TGF-beta mediated fibrogenesis in vivo. J Hepatol . 1999; 30 1073-1080
- 194 Rowe A. Retinoid X receptors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol . 1997; 29 275-278
- 195 Pemrick S M, Lucas D A, Grippo J F. The retinoid receptors. Leukemia . 1994; 8 1797-1806
- 196 Mangelsdorf D J, Evans R M. The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors. Cell . 1995; 83 841-850
- 197 Xu L, Glass C K, Rosenfeld M G. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function. Curr Opin Genet Dev . 1999; 9 140-147
- 198 Chinetti G, Fruchart J C, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): nuclear receptors at the crossroads between lipid metabolism and inflammation. Inflamm Res . 2000; 49 497-505
- 199 Lim H, Dey S K. PPAR delta functions as a prostacyclin receptor in blastocyst implantation. Trends Endocrinol Metab . 2000; 11 137-142
- 200 Galli A, Crabb D, Price D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcriptional regulation is involved in platelet-derived growth factor-induced proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology . 2000; 31 101-108
- 201 Marra F, Efsen E, Romanelli R G. Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulate profibrogenic and proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology . 2000; 119 466-478
- 202 Miyahara T, Schrum L, Rippe R. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and hepatic stellate cell activation. J Biol Chem . 2000; 275 35715-35722
- 203 Schieferdecker H L, Pestel S, Rothermel E. Stimulation by anaphylatoxin C5a of glycogen phosphorylase in rat hepatocytes via prostanoid release from hepatic stellate cells but not sinusoidal endothelial cells. FEBS Lett . 1998; 434 245-250
- 204 Davaille J, Gallois C, Habib A. Antiproliferative properties of sphingosine 1-phosphate in human hepatic myofibroblasts. A cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathway. J Biol Chem . 2000; 275 34628-34633
- 205 Gallois C, Habib A, Tao J. Role of NF-kappa B in the antiproliferative effect of endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human hepatic stellate cells. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem . 1998; 273 23183-23190
- 206 Flisiak R, Baraona E, Li J, Lieber C S. Effects of ethanol on prostanoid production by liver fat-storing cells. Hepatology . 1993; 18 153-159
- 207 Beno D W, Mullen J, Davis B H. Lipoxygenase inhibitors block PDGF-induced mitogenesis: a MAPK- independent mechanism that blocks fos and egr. Am J Physiol . 1995; 268 C604-C610
- 208 Niki T, Rombouts K, De Bleser P. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A, suppresses myofibroblastic differentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells in primary culture. Hepatology . 1999; 29 858-867
- 209 Rojkind M, Giambrone M, Biempica L. Collagen types in normal and cirrhotic liver. Gastroenterology . 1979; 76 710-719
- 210 Geerts A, Schuppan D, Lazeroms S. Collagen type I and III occur together in hybrid fibrils in the space of Disse of normal rat liver. Hepatology . 1990; 12 233-241
- 211 Schuppan D. Structure of the extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic liver: collagens and glycoproteins. Semin Liver Dis . 1990; 10 1-10
- 212 Gressner A M, Bachem M G. Cellular sources of noncollagenous matrix proteins: role of fat-storing cells in fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis . 1990; 10 30-46
- 213 Musso O, Theret N, Heljasvaara R. Tumor hepatocytes and basement membrane-producing cells specifically express two different forms of the endostatin precursor, collagen XVIII, in human liver cancers. Hepatology . 2001; 33 868-876
- 214 Kawashima R, Mochida S, Matsui A. Expression of osteopontin in Kupffer cells and hepatic macrophages and stellate cells in rat liver after carbon tetrachloride intoxication: a possible factor for macrophage migration into hepatic necrotic areas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1999; 256 527-531
- 215 Frizell E, Liu S L, Abraham A. Expression of SPARC in normal and fibrotic livers. Hepatology . 1995; 21 847-854
- 216 Bissell D M, Choun M O. The role of extracellular matrix in normal liver. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl . 1988; 151 1-7
- 217 Bissell D M, Arenson D M, Maher J J, Roll F J. Support of cultured hepatocytes by a laminin-rich gel. Evidence for a functionally significant subendothelial matrix in normal rat liver. J Clin Invest . 1987; 79 801-812
- 218 Bissell D M, Stamatoglou S C, Nermut M V, Hughes R C. Interactions of rat hepatocytes with type IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin matrices. Distinct matrix-controlled modes of attachment and spreading. Eur J Cell Biol . 1986; 40 72-78
- 219 Friedman S L, Roll F J, Boyles J. Maintenance of differentiated phenotype of cultured rat hepatic lipocytes by basement membrane matrix. J Biol Chem . 1989; 264 10756-10762
- 220 Eyhorn S, Schlayer H J, Henninger H P. Rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells in monolayer culture. Biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. J Hepatol . 1988; 6 23-35
- 221 Bissell D M. Hepatic fibrosis as wound repair: a progress report. J Gastroenterol . 1998; 33 295-302
- 222 Imai K, Sato M, Kojima N. Storage of lipid droplets in and production of extracellular matrix by hepatic stellate cells (vitamin A-storing cells) in Long-Evans cinnamon- like colored (LEC) rats. Anat Rec . 2000; 258 338-348
- 223 Imai K, Senoo H. Morphology of sites of adhesion between hepatic stellate cells (vitamin A-storing cells) and a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Anat Rec . 1998; 250 430-437
- 224 Sato M, Kojima N, Miura M. Induction of cellular processes containing collagenase and retinoid by integrin-binding to interstitial collagen in hepatic stellate cell culture. Cell Biol Int . 1998; 22 115-125
- 225 Friedman S L. Cellular sources of collagen and regulation of collagen production in liver. Semin Liver Dis . 1990; 10 20-29
- 226 Gressner A M, Bachem M G. Cellular sources of noncollagenous matrix proteins: role of fat-storing cells in fibrogenesis. Semin Liver Dis . 1990; 10 30-46
- 227 Maher J J, McGuire R F. Extracellular matrix gene expression increases preferentially in rat lipocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells during hepatic fibrosis in vivo. J Clin Invest . 1990; 86 1641-1648
- 228 Geerts A, Greenwel P, Cunningham M. Identification of connective tissue gene transcripts in freshly isolated parenchymal, endothelial, Kupffer and fat-storing cells by northern hybridization analysis. J Hepatol . 1993; 19 148-158
- 229 Rojkind M, Reyes-Romero M, Cerbon-Ambriz J, Rosas M. Cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in liver cirrhosis. In: Van Berzooijen C, ed. Pharmacological, Morphological and Physiological Aspects of Liver Aging Rijswijk: Eurage 1983: 59-70
- 230 Arthur M J, Stanley A, Iredale J P. Secretion of 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by cultured human lipocytes. Analysis of gene expression, protein synthesis and proteinase activity. Biochem J . 1992; 287(part 3) 701-707
- 231 Iredale J P, Murphy G, Hembry R M. Human hepatic lipocytes synthesize tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1. Implications for regulation of matrix degradation in liver. J Clin Invest . 1992; 90 282-287
- 232 Vyas S K, Leyland H, Gentry J, Arthur M J. Rat hepatic lipocytes synthesize and secrete transin (stromelysin) in early primary culture. Gastroenterology . 1995; 109 889-898
- 233 Benyon R C, Hovell C J, Da Gaca M. Progelatinase A is produced and activated by rat hepatic stellate cells and promotes their proliferation. Hepatology . 1999; 30 977-986
- 234 Knittel T, Mehde M, Kobold D. Expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of rat liver: regulation by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1. J Hepatol . 1999; 30 48-60
- 235 Lorite M, Bevitt D, Benitez J. The ADAMs: a modular protein family with metalloproteinase and proteoglycan degrading activities expressed by the hepatic stellate cell [Abstract]. Hepatology . 2001; 32 188
- 236 Knittel T, Fellmer P, Ramadori G. Gene expression and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I in hepatic stellate cells of rat liver. Gastroenterology . 1996; 111 745-754
- 237 Leyland H, Gentry J, Arthur M J, Benyon R C. The plasminogen-activating system in hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology . 1996; 24 1172-1178
- 238 Kojima S, Hayashi S, Shimokado K. Transcriptional activation of urokinase by the Kruppel-like factor Zf9/ COPEB activates latent TGF-beta1 in vascular endothelial cells. Blood . 2000; 95 1309-1316
- 239 Wake K, Motomatsu K, Dan C, Kaneda K. Three-dimensional structure of endothelial cells in hepatic sinusoids of the rat as revealed by the Golgi method. Cell Tissue Res . 1988; 253 563-571
- 240 Mallat A. Hepatic stellate cells and intrahepatic modulation of portal pressure. Digestion . 1998; 59 416-419
- 241 Bioulac-Sage P, Lafon M E, Saric J, Balabaud C. Nerves and perisinusoidal cells in human liver. J Hepatol . 1990; 10 105-112
- 242 Tiniakos D G, Lee J A, Burt A D. Innervation of the liver: morphology and function. Liver . 1996; 16 151-160
- 243 Ueno T, Tanikawa K. Intralobular innervation and lipocyte contractility in the liver. Nutrition . 1997; 13 141-148
- 244 Stoyanova I I, Gulubova M V. Immunocytochemical study on the liver innervation in patients with cirrhosis. Acta Histochem . 2000; 102 391-402
- 245 Thimgan M S, Yee Jr F H. Quantitation of rat hepatic stellate cell contraction: stellate cells' contribution to sinusoidal resistance. Am J Physiol . 1999; 277 G137-G143
- 246 Kolodney M S, Thimgan M S, Honda H M. Ca2+-independent myosin II phosphorylation and contraction in chicken embryo fibroblasts. J Physiol . 1999; 515(part 1) 87-92
- 247 McCuskey R, Ito Y, McCuskey M. Morphological mechanisms for regulating blood flow through hepatic sinusoids: 1998 update and overview. In: Wisse E, Knook D, De Zanger R, Fraser R, eds. Cell of the Hepatic Sinusoid Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation 1999: 129-134
- 248 Pinzani M, Failli P, Ruocco C. Fat-storing cells as liver-specific pericytes. Spatial dynamics of agonist-stimulated intracellular calcium transients. J Clin Invest . 1992; 90 642-646
- 249 Rockey D C, Housset C N, Friedman S L. Activation-dependent contractility of rat hepatic lipocytes in culture and in vivo. J Clin Invest . 1993; 92 1795-1804
- 250 Housset C N, Rockey D C, Friedman S L, Bissell D M. Hepatic lipocytes: a major target for endothelin-1. J Hepatol . 1995; 22 55-60
- 251 Clemens M G, Zhang J X. Regulation of sinusoidal perfusion: in vivo methodology and control by endothelins. Semin Liver Dis . 1999; 19 383-396
- 252 Maxwell P H, Ferguson D J, Osmond M K. Expression of a homologously recombined erythropoietin-SV40 T antigen fusion gene in mouse liver: evidence for erythropoietin production by Ito cells. Blood . 1994; 84 1823-1830
- 253 Shao R, Yan W, Rockey D C. Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis by endothelin-converting enzyme-1 during wound healing. J Biol Chem . 1999; 274 3228-3234
- 254 Ishikawa K, Mochida S, Mashiba S. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor in nonparenchymal as well as parenchymal cells in rat liver after necrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 1999; 254 587-593
- 255 Evarts R P, Nakatsukasa H, Marsden E R. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in regenerating liver and during hepatic differentiation. Mol Carcinog . 1992; 5 25-31
- 256 Dooley S, Delvoux B, Lahme B. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta response and signaling during transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Hepatology . 2000; 31 1094-1106
- 257 De Bleser J P, Niki T, Rogiers V, Geerts A. Transforming growth factor-beta gene expression in normal and fibrotic rat liver. J Hepatol . 1997; 26 886-893
- 258 Bissell D M, Wang S S, Jarnagin W R, Roll F J. Cell-specific expression of transforming growth factor-beta in rat liver. Evidence for autocrine regulation of hepatocyte proliferation. J Clin Invest . 1995; 96 447-455
- 259 Breitkopf K, Lahme B, Tag C G, Gressner A M. Expression and matrix deposition of latent transforming growth factor beta binding proteins in normal and fibrotic rat liver and transdifferentiating hepatic stellate cells in culture. Hepatology . 2001; 33 387-396
- 260 Knittel T, Fellmer P, Muller L, Ramadori G. Bone morphogenetic protein-6 is expressed in nonparenchymal liver cells and upregulated by transforming growth factor-beta 1. Exp Cell Res . 1997; 232 263-269
- 261 Barde Y A. Trophic factors and neuronal survival. Neuron . 1989; 2 1525-1534
- 262 Heumann R, Korsching S, Scott J, Thoenen H. Relationship between levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its messenger RNA in sympathetic ganglia and peripheral target tissues. EMBO J . 1984; 3 3183-3189
- 263 Wake K. Sinusoidal structure and dynamics. In: Vidal-Vanaclocha F, ed. Functional Heterogenicity of Liver Tissue New York: Springer, 1997: 58-67
- 264 Zindy F, Lamas E, Schmidt S, Kirn A, Brechot C. Expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-II, IGF-I and insulin receptors in RNA in isolated non-parenchymal rat liver cells. J Hepatol . 1992; 14 30-34