Download PDF
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2001; 69(2): 51-57
DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-11170
ORIGINALARBEIT
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York

Evolution und Funktion des Schlafes[1]

J. Staedt1 , G. Stoppe2
  • 1Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatische Medizin Universität Magdeburg (Direktor: Prof. Dr. B. Bogerts)
  • 2Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Universität Göttingen (Direktor: Prof. Dr. E. Rüther)
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Zusammenfassung:

Nach einem kurzen historischen Rückblick über die Anfänge wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen zum Thema Schlaf mit Darstellung der elektrophysiologischen Grundlagen der schlafpolygraphischen Ableitung und Auswertung, erfolgt eine Darstellung von Hypothesen zur Phylogenese und Funktion des NONREM- und des REM-Schlafes. Danach könnte der Schlaf sich ursprünglich aus Ruhe/Aktivitätszyklen entwickelt haben. Mit zunehmender Entwicklung komplexer neuronaler Strukturen könnte der Schlaf als Anpassungsleistung weitere Funktionen übernommen haben. Hierbei wird neben den Aspekten der Regulation des Energiehaushaltes und der Temperaturregulation insbesondere auch auf die Einflüsse des NONREM- und REM-Schlafes auf die Reorganisation neuronaler Netze eingegangen.

Evolution and Function of Sleep:

This paper presents a brief historical review of the beginning of scientific studies on sleep research and evaluation of the electrophysiological basics. Subsequently, hypotheses are presented and discussed on phylogenesis and function of NONREM- and REM-sleep as well as aspects of the regulation of energy conservation and temperature. Sleep may have first evolved out of rest/activity cycles. Later on, with the evolution of complex brains, sleep may also assume importance in development and maintenance of these structures. Hence, special emphasis is placed on the influence of NONREM and REM sleep on the reorganisation of neuronal networks.

1 Zum 60. Geburtstag von Herrn Prof. Dr. med. E. Rüther

Literatur

  • 1 Kohlschütter E. Messungen zur Festigkeit des Schlafes.  Z Rat Med. 1863;  17 209-253
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Griesinger W. Berliner medicinisch-psychologische Gesellschaft, Sitzung vom 29.1.1867.  Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1867;  1 200-204
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Berger H. Über das Elektroencephalogramm des Menschen.  Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr. 1929;  87 527-570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Loomis A L, Harvey E N, Hobart G A. Cerebral state during sleep as studied by human brain potentials.  J Exp Psychol. 1937;  21 127-144
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regulary occuring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep.  Science. 1953;  118 273-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Dement W C, Kleitman N. Cyclic variations in EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility, and dreaming.  Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1957;  9 673-690
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Rechtschaffen A, Kales A. A manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages of human subjects. Los Angeles: Brain Information Service/Brain Research Institute, UCLA 1968
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Tobler I. Is sleep fundamentally different between mammalian species.  Behav Brain Res. 1995;  69 35-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Webb W B. The adaptive function of sleep patterns. In: Koella WP (ed). Sleep 1974: Second European Congress of Sleep Research Basel: S. Karger 1975: 13-19
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Allison T, van Twyver H. The evolution of sleep.  Nat Hist. 1970;  79 56-65
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Allison T, van Twyver H. Electrophysiological studies of the Echidna Tachyglossus Aculeatus.  Arch Ital Biol. 1972;  110 145-184
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Flanigan Jr F R, Wilcox R H, Rechtschaffen A. The EEG and behavioral continum of the crocodilian caiman sclerops.  Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1973;  34 521-538
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Flanigan Jr F R, Knight C P, Hartse K M, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep and wakefulness in chelonian reptiles. I. - The box turtle, Terrapene carolina.  Arch Ital Biol. 1974;  112 227-252
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hobson J A. Electrographic correlates of behavior in the frog with special reference to sleep.  Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1967;  22 113-121
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Siegel J M, Manger P, Nienhuis R, Fahringer H M, Pettigrew J. Novel sleep state organization in the echidna: implications for the evolution of REM and non-REM sleep.  Sleep Res. 1994;  23 37
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Siegel J M, Manger P, Nienhuis R, Fahringer H M, Pettigrew J. Sleep in platypus.  Neurosci. 1999;  91 391-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Nicolau M C, Akaârir M, Gamundi A, González J, Rial R V. Why we sleep: the evolutionary pathway to the mammalian sleep.  Prog Neurobio. 2000;  62 379-406
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Jacobson A, Kales A, Lehmann D, Hoedemaker F S. Muscle tonus in human subjects during sleep and dreaming.  Exper Neurol. 1964;  10 418-424
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kawamura H, Sawyer C H. Elevation in brain temperature during paradoxical sleep.  Science. 1965;  150 912-913
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Staedt J. Kapitel 4 Schlafstörungen. In: Stoppe G, Hentschel F, Munz DL (Hrsg). Bildgebende Verfahren in der Psychiatrie Georg Thieme Verlag 2000: 139-150
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep.  Physiol Rev. 1967;  47 117-177
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Wehr T A. A brain-warming function for REM sleep.  Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992;  16 379-397
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Evarts E V, Bental E, Bihari B, Huttenlocher P R. Spontaneous discharge of single neurons during sleep and waking.  Science. 1962;  135 762-768
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Alföldi P, Rubicsek G, Cserni G, Obál F. Brain and core temperatures and peripheral vasomotion during sleep and wakefulness at various ambient temperatures in the rat.  Pflügers Arch. 1990;  417 336-341
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Edgar D M, Fuller C A. Diurnal rhythms of sleep and brain temperature in the squirrel monkey.  Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1984;  10 504
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Hayward J N, Baker M A. A comparative study of the role of the cerebral arterial blood in the regulation of brain temperature in five mammals.  Brain Res. 1969;  16 417-440
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Horne J A, Staff L HE. Exercise and sleep: Body heating effects.  Sleep. 1983;  6 36-46
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 McGinty D, Szymusiak R. Keeping cool: a hypothesis about the mechanisms and functions of slow-wave sleep.  TINS. 1990;  13 480-487
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Zepelin H. Mammalian Sleep. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 1974: 69-80
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Calder W A. Size, Function, and Life History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1984
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Merchant-Nancy H, Vazquez J, Aguilar-Roblero R, Drucker-Colin R. C-fos protp-oncogene changes in relation to REM sleep duration.  Brain Res. 1992;  579 342-346
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Salin-Pascual R, Granados-Fuentes D, de la Fuente J R, Drucker-Colin R. Effects of auditory stimulation during rapid eye movement sleep in healthy volunteers and depressed patients.  Psychiat Res. 1991;  38 237-246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Smith C, Weeden K. Postraining REM's coincident auditory stimulation enhances memory in humans.  Psychiat J Univ Ottawa. 1990;  15 85-90
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Krueger J M, Obál Jr F. A neural group theory of sleep function.  J Sleep Res. 1993;  2 63-69
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Mukhametov L M. Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep in the amazonian dolphin, Inia geoffrensis.  Neurosci Lett. 1987;  79 128-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Mukhametov L M, Lyamin O I, Chetyrbok I S, Vassileyev A A, Dias R. Sleep and wakefulness in an amazonian manatee. In: Horne J (Ed). Sleep'90 Bochum: Pontenagel Press 1990: 119-122
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Serafetidines E A, Shurley J T, Brooks R E. Electroencephalogram of the pilot whale, Globicephala scammoni, in wakefulness and sleep: lateralization aspects.  Int J Psychobiol. 1972;  2 129-135
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Jouvet M. The rhombencephalic phase of sleep.  Prog Brain Res. 1963;  1 406-424
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Becker P T, Thoman E B. Rapid eye movement storms in infants: rate of occurrence at 6 month predicts mental development at 1 year.  Science. 1981;  212 1415-1416
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Becker P T, Thoman E B. Intense rapid eye movements during active sleep: an index of neurobehavioral instability.  Dev Psychobiol. 1982;  15 203-210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Mirmiran M, Scholtens J, van de Poll N E, Uylings H BM, van der Gugten J, Boer G J. Effects of experimental suppression of active (REM) sleep during early development upon adult brain and behavior in the rat.  Dev Brain Res. 1983;  7 277-286
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Orem J, Osorio I, Brooks E. Activity of respiratory neurons during NREM sleep.  J Neurphysiol. 1985;  54 1144-1156
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Orem J. Medullary respiration neuron activity: Relationship to tonic and phasic REM sleep.  J Appl Physiol: Respir Environ Exercise Physiol. 1980;  48 54-65
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Nelson P G, Yu C, Fields R D, Neale E A. Synaptic connections in vitro: modulation of number and efficacy by electrical activity.  Science. 1989;  244 585-587
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Steriade M, McCarley R W. Brainstem control of wakefulness and sleep. New York: Plenum Press 1990
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Steriade M, McCormick D A, Sejnowski T J. Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain.  Science. 1993;  262 679-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Oleksenko A I, Mukhametov L M, Polyakova I B, Supin A Y, Kovalzon V M. Unihemispheric sleep deprivation in bottle nose dolphins.  J Sleep Res. 1992;  1 40-44
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Edelman G M. Neural Darwinism. New York: Basic Books 1987
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Siapas A G, Wilson M A. Coordinated interactions between hippocampal ripples and cortical spindles during slow wave sleep.  Neuron. 1998;  21 1123-1128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Spitzer M. Geist im Netz. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag 1996
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Horne J A. Sleep loss and “divergent” thinking ability.  Sleep. 1988;  11 528-536
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Horne J A. Human sleep, sleep loss and behaviour - Implications for the prefrontal cortex and psychiatric disorder.  Br J Psychiatry. 1993;  162 413-419
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Kim C, Choi H, Kim J K, Kim M S, Huh M K, Moon Y B. Sleep pattern of hippocampectomized cat.  Brain Res. 1971;  29 223-236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Smith C. Sleep states and memory processes.  Behav Brain Res. 1995;  69 137-145
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Hars B, Hennevin E, Pasques P. Improvement of learning by cueing during postlearning paradoxical sleep.  Behav Brain Res. 1985;  18 241-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Agnew H W, Webb W B, Williams R L. Comparison of stage four and 1-REM sleep deprivation.  Percept Mot Skills. 1967;  24 851-858
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Staedt J, Hünerjäger H, Rüther E, Stoppe G. Sleep cluster arousal analysis and treatment response to heterocyclic antidepressants in patients with major depression.  J Affect Dis. 1998;  49 221-227
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Kupfer D J, Frank E, Mceachran A B, Grochocinski V J. Delta sleep ratio: a biological correlate of early recurrence in unipolar affective disorder.  Arch Gen Psychiat. 1990;  47 1100-1105
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Vogel G W. A review of REM sleep deprivation.  Arch Gen Psychiat. 1975;  32 749-761
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Vogel G W. Evidence for REM sleep deprivation as the mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs.  Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiat. 1983;  7 343-349
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Solms M. New findings on the neurological organization of dreaming: implications for psychoanalysis.  Psychoanal Q. 1995;  64 43-67
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hobson J A, McCarley R W. The brain as a dream state generator: an activation-synthesis hypothesis of the dream process.  Am J Psychiatry. 1977;  134 1335-1348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Bosinelli M. Mind and consciousness during sleep.  Behav Brain Res. 1995;  69 195-201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Foulkes D. Dream reports from different stages of sleep.  J Abnorm Psychol. 1962;  65 14-28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Tracy R, Tracy L. Reports of mental activity from sleep stages 2 and 4.  Percept Mot Skills. 1974;  38 647-648
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Foulkes D, Pope R. Primary visual experience and secondary cognitive elaboration in stage REM: a modest confirmation and an extension.  Percept Mot Skills. 1973;  37 107-118
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Molinari S, Foulkes D. Tonic and phasic events during sleep: psychological correlates and implications.  Percept Mot Skills. 1969;  29 343-368
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Dave A S, Yu A C, Margoliash D. Behavioral state modulation of auditory activity in a vocal motor system.  Science. 1998;  282 2250-2254
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar

1 Zum 60. Geburtstag von Herrn Prof. Dr. med. E. Rüther

Priv.-Doz. Dr. med Jürgen Staedt

Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapieund Psychosomatische MedizinUniversität Magdeburg

Leipziger Straße 4439120 Magdeburg

Email: E-mail: Juergen.Staedt@Medizin.Uni-Magdeburg.de

Priv.-Doz. Dr. med Gabriela Stoppe

Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und PsychotherapieUniversität Göttingen

Von-Siebold-Straße 537075 Göttingen