PDF herunterladen
Endoscopy 2000; 32(4): 287-293
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-7377
Original Article
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York

Changes in Cardiopulmonary Parameters During Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients with Heart Disease: Towards Safer Endoscopy

K. Yazawa, W. Adachi, N. Koide, H. Watanabe, S. Koike, K. Hanazaki
  • Dept. of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

Publikationsdatum:
31. Dezember 2000 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Background and Study Aims: Gastrointestinal endoscopy is an invasive examination. The aims of this study were to elucidate the effects and risks of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with regard to cardiopulmonary functions in patients with heart disease, and to establish safety guidelines for use during endoscopy in this particular group of patients.

Patients and Methods: The patients involved were 53 inpatients in whom upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was carried out before cardiac surgery. Their cardiac functions had been evaluated previously. Electrocardiography with two leads (II, V5) was used, and blood pressure and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored throughout the procedure. The relationship between the changes in cardiopulmonary parameters during endoscopy and the cardiac functions was analyzed.

Results: Heart rate increased immediately after insertion of the endoscope (P < 0.01). There was a significantly higher incidence of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles during observation of the second portion of the duodenum (P < 0.05). A lower cardiac index (P < 0.05) and a higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification (P < 0.05) were found in patients with oxygen desaturation than in patients without it. Two patients with severe coronary artery lesions showed marked ST-T depression, and these ischemic changes were thought to be due to increase in cardiac work during endoscopy.

Conclusions: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy has many adverse effects on cardiopulmonary functions in patients with heart disease. In our study, the clinical value of very close monitoring and administration of oxygen for patients with heart disease was confirmed by objective data.

References

  • 1 Segawa K, Nakazawa S, Yamao K, et al. Cardiac response to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1989;  84 13-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Palmer E D, Wirts C W. Survey of gastroscopic and esophagoscopic accidents: report of committee on accidents of The American Gastroscopic Society.  J Am Med Ass. 1957;  164 2012-2015
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Silvis S E, Nebel O, Rogers G, et al. Endoscopic complications: results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey.  J Am Med Ass. 1976;  235 928-930
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Davis R E, Graham D Y. Endoscopic complications: the Texas experience.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1979;  25 146-149
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Katon R M. Complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the gastrointestinal bleeder.  Dig Dis Sci. 1981;  26 47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Mandelstam P, Sugawa C, Silvis S E, et al. Complications associated with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and with esophageal dilatation.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1976;  23 16-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Smith L E. Fiberoptic colonoscopy: complications of colonoscopy and polypectomy.  Dis Colon Rectum. 1976;  19 407-412
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Gupta S C, Gopalswamy N, Sarkar A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias and electrocardiographic changes during upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Mil Med. 1990;  155 9-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Katz D, Selesnick S. Cardiac arrest during gastroscopy.  Gastroenterology. 1957;  33 650-654
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Switz D M, Clarke A M, Longacher J W. Electrical malfunction at endoscopy: possible cause of arrhythmia and death.  J Am Med Ass. 1976;  235 273-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 McAlpine J K, Martin B J, Devine B L. Cardiac arrhythmias associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly subjects.  Scot Med J. 1990;  35 102-104
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Keeffe E B, O'Connor K W. 1989 ASGE survey of endoscopic sedation and monitoring practices.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;  36 18
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Bell G D, McCloy R F, Charlton J E, et al. Recommendations for standards of sedation and patient monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gut. 1991;  32 823-827
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Little W C, Braunwald E. Assessment of cardiac function. In: Braunwald E (ed). Heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Volume 1. 5th edn.  Philadelphia; WB Saunders Co., 1997: 421-444
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Ellestad M H. Stress testing: principles and practice. 4th edn.  Philadelphia; FA Davis Co., 1995
  • 16 Habr-Gama A, Waye J D. Complications and hazards of gastrointestinal endoscopy.  World J Surg. 1989;  13 193-201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Lieberman D A, Wuerker C K, Katon R M. Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, role of endoscope diameter and systemic sedation.  Gastroenterology. 1985;  88 468-472
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Mathew P K, Ona F V, Damevski K, et al. Arrhythmias during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Angiology. 1979;  30 834-840
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 DiSario J A, Waring J P, Talbert G, et al. Monitoring of blood pressure and heart rate during routine endoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;  86 956-960
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Jurell K R, O'Connor K W, Slack J, et al. Effect of supplement oxygen on cardiopulmonary changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;  40 665-670
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Grandjean J G, Boonstra P W, den Heyer P, et al. Arterial revascularization with the right gastroepiploic artery and internal mammary arteries in 300 patients.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;  107 1309-1316
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Antona C, Zanobini M, Pompilio G, et al. Role of right gastroepiploic artery in myocardial revascularization with arterial grafts.  Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;  4 217-221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Holm C, Rosenberg J. Pulse oximetry and supplemental oxygen during gastrointestinal endoscopy: a critial review.  Endoscopy. 1996;  28 703-711
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Bough E W, Meyers S. Cardiovascular responses to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1978;  69 655-661
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Carrey W D. Indication, contraindications, and complications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In: Sivak MV, Jr (ed). Gastroenterologic endoscopy.  Philadelphia; WB Saunders, 1987: 296-306
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Palmer E D. The abnormal upper gastrointestinal vagovagal reflexes that affect the heart.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1976;  66 513-522
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Rostykus P S, McDonald G B, Albert R K. Upper intestinal endoscopy induces hypoxemia in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease.  Gastroenterology. 1980;  78 488-491
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Morrison L M, Swalm W A. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in production of cardiac symptoms: experimental and clinical observations.  J Am Med Ass. 1940;  114 217-223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Iwao T, Toyonaga A, Harada H, et al. Arterial oxygen desaturation during non-sedated diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1994;  40 277-280
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Nakazawa S, Asaka M, Ogoshi K, et al. Report of the Committee of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society: cardiorespiratory changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy (Japanese).  Gastroenterol Endosc. 1997;  39 1644-1649
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Alcain G, Guillen P, Escolar A, et al. Predictive factors of oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in nonsedated patients.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;  48 143-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Blackburn H, Katigbak R. What electrocardiographic leads to take after exercise?.  Am Heart J. 1964;  67 184-185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Murray A W, Morran C G, Kenny G N, et al. Examination of cardiorespiratory changes during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Comparison of monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation, arterial pressure and the electrocardiogram.  Anaesthesia. 1991;  46 181-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Rosenberg J, Stausholm K, Andersen I B, et al. No effect of oxygen therapy on myocardial ischaemia during gastroscopy.  Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996;  31 200-205
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Fujita R, Kumura F. Arrhythmias and ischemic changes of the heart induced by gastric endoscopic procedures.  Am J Gastroenterol. 1975;  64 44-48
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Rosenberg J, Overgaard H, Andersen M, et al. Double blind randomised controlled trial of effect of metoprolol on myocardial ischaemia during endoscopic cholangiopancreatography.  Br Med J. 1996;  313 258-261
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Daneshmed T K, Bell G D, Logan R F. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey.  Gut. 1991;  32 12-15
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Arrowsmith J B, Gerstman B B, Fleischer D E, et al. Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;  37 421-427
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Thorens J, et al. Conscious sedation for gastroscopy: patient tolerance and cardiorespiratory parameters.  Gastroenterology. 1995;  108 697-704
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Froehlich F, Thorens J, Schwizer W, et al. Sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: patient tolerance, pain, and cardiorespiratory parameters.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;  45 1-9
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 al-Atrakchi H A. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy without sedation: a prospective study of 2000 examinations.  Gastrointest Endosc. 1989;  35 79-81
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Hart R, Classen M. Complications of diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy.  Endoscopy. 1990;  22 229-233
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Froehlich F, Gonvers J J, Fried M. Conscious sedation, clinically relevant complications and monitoring of endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland.  Endoscopy. 1994;  26 231-234
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Peri V, Amuso M, Gatto G, et al. Monitoring during endoscopy. Italian data support upper gastrointestinal endoscopy without sedation.  Br Med J. 1995;  310 886-887
    PubMedGoogle Scholar

M.D. W. Adachi

Dept. of Surgery Shinshu University School of Medicine

3-1-1 Asahi

Matsumoto 390-8621

Japan

Telefon: + 81-263-37-2721

eMail: adwataru@hsp.md.shinshu-u.ac.jp