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DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1814116
The Trifurcated Anatomy of The Upper Trunk of The Brachial Plexus: Suprascapular Nerve, Posterior Division, and Anterior Division
Anatomia da trifurcação do tronco superior do plexo braquial: Nervo supraescapular, divisão posterior e divisão anteriorAuthors
Financial Support The authors declare that they did not receive financial support from agencies in the public, private or nonprofit sectors to conduct the present study.
Abstract
Objective
To provide a comprehensive depiction of the anatomy of the upper trunk and its distal trifurcation through the dissection of brachial plexuses obtained from adult cadavers.
Methods
We dissected 40 brachial plexuses from adult cadavers preserved using a unique formalin-based technique developed and used by the Anatomy Department of our institution. Bilateral dissection was performed on 20 cadavers placed in the dorsal decubitus position with accurate arm adduction. While the primary focus was on the upper trunk's anatomy, a thorough exploration of the entire brachial plexus was achieved through an extended incision.
Results
The posterior division of the upper trunk was consistently located between the suprascapular nerve and the anterior division. In 22 (55%) of the dissected brachial plexuses, the suprascapular nerve originated from the proximal region of the posterior division of the upper trunk, immediately after its bifurcation. For the remaining 18 (45%), the suprascapular nerve originated directly from the upper trunk.
Conclusion
The distal trifurcation of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus includes the suprascapular nerve and the posterior and anterior divisions of the upper trunk.
Resumo
Objetivo
Fornecer uma descrição abrangente da anatomia do tronco superior e de sua trifurcação distal por meio da dissecção de plexos braquiais obtidos de cadáveres adultos.
Métodos
Foram dissecados 40 plexos braquiais de cadáveres adultos preservados por meio de uma técnica única, baseada em formalina, desenvolvida e utilizada pelo Departamento de Anatomia de nossa instituição. A dissecção bilateral foi realizada em 20 cadáveres, colocados em decúbito dorsal, com adução precisa do braço. Apesar de o foco principal ser a anatomia do tronco superior, uma exploração completa de todo o plexo braquial foi realizada mediante uma incisão prolongada.
Resultados
A divisão posterior do tronco superior situou-se consistentemente entre o nervo supraescapular e a divisão anterior. Em 22 (55%) dos plexos braquiais dissecados, o nervo supraescapular originava-se da região proximal da divisão posterior do tronco superior, imediatamente após a bifurcação. Entre os 18 (45%) restantes, o nervo supraescapular originava-se diretamente do tronco superior.
Conclusão
A trifurcação distal do tronco superior do plexo braquial inclui o nervo supraescapular e as divisões posterior e anterior do tronco superior.
Data Availability
Data will be available upon request to the corresponding author.
Work developed at the Hand Surgery and Microsurgery Department, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Publication History
Received: 29 February 2024
Accepted: 20 October 2025
Article published online:
30 December 2025
© 2025. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda.
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Junot Hortêncio de Souza Neto, Bernardo Couto Neto, André Bastos Duarte Eiras, Renato Harley Santos Botelho, Lucas Gonçalves Daflon, Marco Aurélio Rodrigues da Fonseca Passos. The Trifurcated Anatomy of The Upper Trunk of The Brachial Plexus: Suprascapular Nerve, Posterior Division, and Anterior Division. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) 2025; 60: s00451814116.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1814116
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