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CC BY 4.0 · European Journal of General Dentistry 2025; 14(02): 142-153
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1789242
Original Article

Antimicrobial Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Coating on Titanium 6 Aluminum 4 Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V)-Fixed Orthodontic Retainer Substrate

Shahbaa A. Mohammed
1   Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
,
Mohammed Nahidh
1   Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
,
Mohammed K. Khalaf
2   Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research/Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
,
Maria Maddalena Marrapodi
3   Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialist Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
,
Marco Cicciù 
4   Department of Biomedical and Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Catania University, Catania, Italy
,
Giuseppe Minervini
5   Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
6   Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Abstract

Objectives Due to its excellent biocompatibility, superior mechanical qualities, and exceptional corrosion resistance, titanium 6 aluminum 4 vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy is frequently used for medical and orthodontic purposes as a fixed retainer after active orthodontic treatment. Titanium lacks the antibacterial characteristics and is bioinert, this may influence the usage of such materials in the field of biomedical applications. Bacterial adhesion to the orthodontic retainer surface is a common first step in infection; this is followed by bacterial colonization ending with the formation of a biofilm. Once biofilm forms, it is highly resistant to medicines and the host immune system's defense mechanism, making it difficult to remove the biofilm from orthodontic retainer. This study aimed to test the antimicrobial effect of a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle coating on Ti-6Al-4V orthodontic retainers.

Materials and Methods ZnO nanoparticles, with a particle size of 10 to 30 nm, were used to coat the alloy using the electrophoretic deposition method. Various parameters and surface characterization tests were employed to obtain an optimized sample. This sample was subjected to the microbial adherence optical density test to examine the adherence of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, and Candida albicans.

Results The optimized sample had a 5-mg/L ZnO concentration, applied voltage of 50 V, and a 1-cm distance between electrodes. The ZnO coating significantly reduced microbial adherence compared to uncoated samples, effectively inhibiting bacterial development.

Conclusion Electrophoretic deposition is an efficient and cost-effective technique for coating orthodontic titanium retainer substrates. Coating Ti-6Al-4V with ZnO nanoparticles increased the antimicrobial effectiveness of the material and as the concentration of the nanoparticles rises, the antimicrobial effect increases too.

Keyword

fixed orthodontic retainer - ZnO nanoparticles - antimicrobial activity

Authors' Contributions

Conceptualization: S.A.M., M.N.; methodology: M.K.K., M.N., S.A.M.; software: S.A.M., M.N.; formal analysis: S.A.M., M.N.; investigation: S.A.M., M.N.; data curation: M.N., S.A.M.; writing—original draft preparation: S.H., M.M.M., G.M.; writing—review and editing: M.C., G.M.; supervision: G.M.; funding acquisition: S.H.; administration: S.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.




Publication History

Article published online:
23 October 2024

© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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