Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787993
Review Article

Recovery from Sepsis: Management beyond Acute Care

Sarah K. Andersen
1   Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta and Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2   Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
,
Margaret S. Herridge
3   Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Kirsten M. Fiest
4   Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Recovery from sepsis is a key global health issue, impacting 38 million sepsis survivors worldwide per year. Sepsis survivors face a wide range of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial sequelae. Readmissions to hospital following sepsis are an important driver of global healthcare utilization and cost. Family members of sepsis survivors also experience significant stressors related to their role as informal caregivers. Increasing recognition of the burdens of sepsis survivorship has led to the development of postsepsis recovery programs to better support survivors and their families, although optimal models of care remain uncertain. The goal of this article is to perform a narrative review of recovery from sepsis from the perspective of patients, families, and health systems.

Keywords

sepsis - critical care - postintensive care syndrome - recovery - patient-centered care - family-centered care - global health


Publication History

Article published online:
05 July 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W. et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47 (11) 1181-1247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Reinhart K, Daniels R, Kissoon N, Machado FR, Schachter RD, Finfer S. Recognizing sepsis as a global health priority - a WHO resolution. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (05) 414-417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM. et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2020; 395 (10219): 200-211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Iwashyna TJ, Ely EW, Smith DM, Langa KM. Long-term cognitive impairment and functional disability among survivors of severe sepsis. JAMA 2010; 304 (16) 1787-1794
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Wang HE, Kabeto MM, Gray M. et al. Trajectory of cognitive decline after sepsis. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (07) 1083-1094
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Umberger RA, Thomas SP. Survivor but not fully recovered: the lived experience after 1 year of surviving sepsis. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2019; 38 (06) 317-327
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Pandolfi F, Brun-Buisson C, Guillemot D, Watier L. Care pathways of sepsis survivors: sequelae, mortality and use of healthcare services in France, 2015-2018. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 438
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Thompson K, Taylor C, Jan S. et al. Health-related outcomes of critically ill patients with and without sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (08) 1249-1257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Huang CY, Daniels R, Lembo A. et al; Sepsis Survivors Engagement Project (SSEP). Life after sepsis: an international survey of survivors to understand the post-sepsis syndrome. Int J Qual Health Care 2019; 31 (03) 191-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Schmidt KF, Schwarzkopf D, Baldwin LM. et al; SMOOTH Study Group. Long-term courses of sepsis survivors: effects of a primary care management intervention. Am J Med 2020; 133 (03) 381-385.e5
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Prescott HC, Iwashyna TJ, Blackwood B. et al. Understanding and enhancing sepsis survivorship. priorities for research and practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200 (08) 972-981
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Pun BT, Balas MC, Barnes-Daly MA. et al. Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 adults. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (01) 3-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Liu VX, Fielding-Singh V, Greene JD. et al. The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196 (07) 856-863 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1848OC.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Evans IVR, Phillips GS, Alpern ER. et al. Association between the New York sepsis care mandate and in-hospital mortality for pediatric sepsis. JAMA 2018; 320 (04) 358-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Cheshire J, Jones L, Munthali L. et al. The FAST-M complex intervention for the detection and management of maternal sepsis in low-resource settings: a multi-site evaluation. BJOG 2021; 128 (08) 1324-1333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Gomes MF, Faiz MA, Gyapong JO. et al; Study 13 Research Group. Pre-referral rectal artesunate to prevent death and disability in severe malaria: a placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9663): 557-566
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Tshefu A, Lokangaka A, Ngaima S. et al; African Neonatal Sepsis Trial (AFRINEST) group. Simplified antibiotic regimens compared with injectable procaine benzylpenicillin plus gentamicin for treatment of neonates and young infants with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection when referral is not possible: a randomised, open-label, equivalence trial. Lancet 2015; 385 (9979): 1767-1776
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Rahmel T, Schmitz S, Nowak H. et al. Long-term mortality and outcome in hospital survivors of septic shock, sepsis, and severe infections: the importance of aftercare. PLoS One 2020; 15 (02) e0228952
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Farrah K, McIntyre L, Doig CJ. et al. Sepsis-associated mortality, resource use, and healthcare costs: a propensity-matched cohort study. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (02) 215-227
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Chang DW, Tseng CH, Shapiro MF. Rehospitalizations following sepsis: common and costly. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (10) 2085-2093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Schmidt KFR, Huelle K, Reinhold T. et al; The Smooth Study Group. healthcare utilization and costs in sepsis survivors in Germany-secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. J Clin Med 2022; 11 (04) 1142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kaukonen K-M, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. JAMA 2014; 311 (13) 1308-1316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Schuler A, Wulf DA, Lu Y. et al. The impact of acute organ dysfunction on long-term survival in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (06) 843-849 DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003023.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Taylor SP, Kowalkowski MA, Courtright KR. et al. Deficits in identification of goals and goal-concordant care after sepsis hospitalization. J Hosp Med 2021; 16 (11) 667-670
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Tiru B, DiNino EK, Orenstein A. et al. The economic and humanistic burden of severe sepsis. PharmacoEconomics 2015; 33 (09) 925-937
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (21) 2063
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Prescott HC, Angus DC. Enhancing recovery from sepsis: a review. JAMA 2018; 319 (01) 62-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (02) 502-509
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Calsavara AJC, Nobre V, Barichello T, Teixeira AL. Post-sepsis cognitive impairment and associated risk factors: a systematic review. Aust Crit Care 2018; 31 (04) 242-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Annane D, Sharshar T. Cognitive decline after sepsis. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3 (01) 61-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Pandharipande PP, Girard TD, Jackson JC. et al; BRAIN-ICU Study Investigators. Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 (14) 1306-1316
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B. et al. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA 2004; 291 (14) 1753-1762
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Ji M-H, Gao Y-Z, Shi C-N, Wu X-M, Yang J-J. Acute and long-term cognitive impairment following sepsis: mechanism and prevention. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23 (10) 931-943
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Brummel NE, Girard TD, Ely EW. et al. Feasibility and safety of early combined cognitive and physical therapy for critically ill medical and surgical patients: the Activity and Cognitive Therapy in ICU (ACT-ICU) trial. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40 (03) 370-379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Jackson JC, Ely EW, Morey MC. et al. Cognitive and physical rehabilitation of intensive care unit survivors: results of the RETURN randomized controlled pilot investigation. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (04) 1088-1097
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Muradov O, Petrovskaya O, Papathanassoglou E. Effectiveness of cognitive interventions on cognitive outcomes of adult intensive care unit survivors: a scoping review. Aust Crit Care 2021; 34 (05) 473-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Wintermann GB, Brunkhorst FM, Petrowski K. et al. Stress disorders following prolonged critical illness in survivors of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (06) 1213-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Calsavara AJ, Costa PA, Nobre V, Teixeira AL. Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in sepsis survivors after ICU discharge. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 43 (03) 269-276
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Oh TK, Park HY, Song IA. Depression and long-term survival among South Korean sepsis survivors: a nationwide cohort study from 2011 to 2014. Crit Care Med 2021; 49 (09) 1470-1480
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Oh TK, Park HY, Song IA. Prevalence and risk factors for suicide in patients with sepsis: nationwide cohort study in South Korea. BJPsych Open 2022; 8 (02) e61 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.19.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Davydow DS, Hough CL, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Symptoms of depression in survivors of severe sepsis: a prospective cohort study of older Americans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 21 (09) 887-897
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Borges RC, Carvalho CR, Colombo AS, da Silva Borges MP, Soriano FG. Physical activity, muscle strength, and exercise capacity 3 months after severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (08) 1433-1444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Sasegbon A, O'Shea L, Hamdy S. Examining the relationship between sepsis and oropharyngeal dysphagia in hospitalised elderly patients: a retrospective cohort study. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9 (04) 256-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Zielske J, Bohne S, Brunkhorst FM, Axer H, Guntinas-Lichius O. Acute and long-term dysphagia in critically ill patients with severe sepsis: results of a prospective controlled observational study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271 (11) 3085-3093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Boede M, Gensichen JS, Jackson JC. et al. Trajectories of depression in sepsis survivors: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 2021; 25 (01) 161
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Kosilek RP, Schmidt K, Baumeister SE, Gensichen J, Group SS. SMOOTH Study Group. Frequency and risk factors of post-intensive care syndrome components in a multicenter randomized controlled trial of German sepsis survivors. J Crit Care 2021; 65: 268-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Herridge MS, Tansey CM, Matté A. et al; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011; 364 (14) 1293-1304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Kress JP, Hall JB. ICU-acquired weakness and recovery from critical illness. N Engl J Med 2014; 371 (03) 287-288
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Poulsen JB, Møller K, Kehlet H, Perner A. Long-term physical outcome in patients with septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53 (06) 724-730
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Lad H, Saumur TM, Herridge MS. et al. Intensive care unit-acquired weakness: not just another muscle atrophying condition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21 (21) 7840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ferrante LE, Murphy TE, Leo-Summers LS. et al. Development and validation of a prediction model for persistent functional impairment among older ICU survivors. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023; 71 (01) 188-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Nakajima H, Nishikimi M, Shimizu M. et al. Clinical frailty scale score before ICU admission is associated with mobility disability in septic patients receiving early rehabilitation. Crit Care Explor 2019; 1 (12) e0066
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Kayambu G, Boots R, Paratz J. Early physical rehabilitation in intensive care patients with sepsis syndromes: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41 (05) 865-874
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Sakai Y, Yamamoto S, Karasawa T. et al. Effects of early rehabilitation in sepsis patients by a specialized physical therapist in an emergency center on the return to activities of daily living independence: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2022; 17 (03) e0266348
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Spoden M, Hartog CS, Schlattmann P. et al. Occurrence and risk factors for new dependency on chronic care, respiratory support, dialysis and mortality in the first year after sepsis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9: 878337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Ou SM, Chu H, Chao PW. et al. Long-term mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in sepsis survivors. a nationwide population-based study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194 (02) 209-217
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Angriman F, Lawler PR, Shah BR, Martin CM, Scales DC. the Sepsis Canada Network. Prevalent diabetes and long-term cardiovascular outcomes in adult sepsis survivors: a population-based cohort study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 302
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Venet F, Monneret G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14 (02) 121-137
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Hästbacka J, But A, Strandberg G, Lipcsey M. Risk of malignant disease in 1-year sepsis survivors, a registry-based nationwide follow-up study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 376
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Shankar-Hari M, Saha R, Wilson J. et al. Rate and risk factors for rehospitalisation in sepsis survivors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46 (04) 619-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Prescott HC, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Readmission diagnoses after hospitalization for severe sepsis and other acute medical conditions. JAMA 2015; 313 (10) 1055-1057
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Hilton RS, Hauschildt K, Shah M, Kowalkowski M, Taylor S. The assessment of social determinants of health in postsepsis mortality and readmission: a scoping review. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4 (08) e0722
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Shankar-Hari M, Rubenfeld GD, Ferrando-Vivas P, Harrison DA, Rowan K. Development, validation, and clinical utility assessment of a prognostic score for 1-year unplanned rehospitalization or death of adult sepsis survivors. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (09) e2013580
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Taylor SP, Bray BC, Chou SH, Burns R, Kowalkowski MA. Clinical subtypes of sepsis survivors predict readmission and mortality after hospital discharge. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022; 19 (08) 1355-1363
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Winters BD, Eberlein M, Leung J, Needham DM, Pronovost PJ, Sevransky JE. Long-term mortality and quality of life in sepsis: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2010; 38 (05) 1276-1283
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Carey MR, Prescott HC, Iwashyna TJ, Wilson ME, Fagerlin A, Valley TS. Changes in self-rated health after sepsis in older adults: a retrospective cohort study. Chest 2020; 158 (05) 1958-1966
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 König C, Matt B, Kortgen A, Turnbull AE, Hartog CS. What matters most to sepsis survivors: a qualitative analysis to identify specific health-related quality of life domains. Qual Life Res 2019; 28 (03) 637-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Yende S, Austin S, Rhodes A. et al. Long-term quality of life among survivors of severe sepsis: analyses of two international trials. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (08) 1461-1467
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Fleischmann-Struzek C, Ditscheid B, Rose N. et al. Return to work after sepsis-a German population-based health claims study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10: 1187809
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Skei NV, Moe K, Nilsen TIL. et al. Return to work after hospitalization for sepsis: a nationwide, registry-based cohort study. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Choi J, Son YJ, Tate JA. Exploring positive aspects of caregiving in family caregivers of adult ICU survivors from ICU to four months post-ICU discharge. Heart Lung 2019; 48 (06) 553-559
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Umberger RA, Todt K, Talbott E, Sparks L, Thomas SP. Advocating for a loved one in the setting of uncertainty: a mixed-methods study among caregivers of sepsis survivors at the point of a sepsis readmission. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 2021; 40 (01) 36-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Stayt LC, Venes TJ. Outcomes and experiences of relatives of patients discharged home after critical illness: a systematic integrative review. Nurs Crit Care 2019; 24 (03) 162-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 van Beusekom I, Bakhshi-Raiez F, de Keizer NF, Dongelmans DA, van der Schaaf M. Reported burden on informal caregivers of ICU survivors: a literature review. Crit Care 2016; 20: 16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Downar J, Koo E, des Ordons AR. et al. Prevalence and predictors of severe grief reactions and desire for support following a death in the intensive care unit: a multicentre observational study. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44 (04) 521-522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Kentish-Barnes N, Chaize M, Seegers V. et al. Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir J 2015; 45 (05) 1341-1352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Millward K, McGraw C, Aitken LM. The expressed support needs of families of adults who have survived critical illness: a thematic synthesis. Int J Nurs Stud 2021; 122: 104048
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Christopher TE, Siegel MD. Caring for the ICU survivor: the family caregiver burden. In: Stevens RD, Hart N, Herridge MS. eds. Textbook of Post-ICU Medicine: The Legacy of Critical Care. Oxford University Press; 2014: 108-122
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Van Pelt DC, Milbrandt EB, Qin L. et al. Informal caregiver burden among survivors of prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175 (02) 167-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 van den Born-van Zanten SA, Dongelmans DA, Dettling-Ihnenfeldt D, Vink R, van der Schaaf M. Caregiver strain and posttraumatic stress symptoms of informal caregivers of intensive care unit survivors. Rehabil Psychol 2016; 61 (02) 173-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Khandelwal N, Hough CL, Downey L. et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of financial stress in survivors of critical illness. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (06) e530-e539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Gallop KH, Kerr CE, Nixon A, Verdian L, Barney JB, Beale RJ. A qualitative investigation of patients' and caregivers' experiences of severe sepsis*. Crit Care Med 2015; 43 (02) 296-307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Davydow DS, Hough CL, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Depressive symptoms in spouses of older patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2012; 40 (08) 2335-2341
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Johnson CC, Suchyta MR, Darowski ES. et al. Psychological sequelae in family caregivers of critically iii intensive care unit patients. A systematic review. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2019; 16 (07) 894-909
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Cameron JI, Chu LM, Matte A. et al, One-year outcomes in caregivers of critically ill patients. NEJM 2016; 374: 1831-1841
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Azoulay E, Pochard F, Kentish-Barnes N. et al; FAMIREA Study Group. Risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms in family members of intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171 (09) 987-994
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Andersen SK, Butler RA, Chang CH, Arnold R, Angus DC, White DB. Prevalence of long-term decision regret and associated risk factors in a large cohort of ICU surrogate decision makers. Crit Care 2023; 27 (01) 61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Sottile PD, Lynch Y, Mealer M, Moss M. Association between resilience and family member psychologic symptoms in critical illness. Crit Care Med 2016; 44 (08) e721-e727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Curtis JR, Treece PD, Nielsen EL. et al. Randomized trial of communication facilitators to reduce family distress and intensity of end-of-life care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (02) 154-162
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 McIlroy PA, King RS, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Tabah A, Ramanan M. The effect of ICU diaries on psychological outcomes and quality of life of survivors of critical illness and their relatives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2019; 47 (02) 273-279
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Haines KJ, Beesley SJ, Hopkins RO. et al. Peer support in critical care: a systematic review. Crit Care Med 2018; 46 (09) 1522-1531
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Prigerson HG, Viola M, Brewin CR. et al. Enhancing & Mobilizing the POtential for Wellness & Emotional Resilience (EMPOWER) among surrogate decision-makers of ICU patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20 (01) 408
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Suen AO, Butler RA, Arnold RM. et al. A pilot randomized trial of an interactive web-based tool to support surrogate decision makers in the intensive care unit. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18 (07) 1191-1201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Vranceanu A-M, Bannon S, Mace R. et al. Feasibility and efficacy of a resiliency intervention for the prevention of chronic emotional distress among survivor-caregiver dyads admitted to the neuroscience intensive care unit: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3 (10) e2020807
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Downar J, Sinuff T, Kalocsai C. et al. A qualitative study of bereaved family members with complicated grief following a death in the intensive care unit. Can J Anaesth 2020; 67 (06) 685-693
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Kentish-Barnes N, Chevret S, Champigneulle B. et al; Famirea Study Group. Effect of a condolence letter on grief symptoms among relatives of patients who died in the ICU: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43 (04) 473-484
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Barnato AE, Schenker Y, Tiver G. et al. Storytelling in the early bereavement period to reduce emotional distress among surrogates involved in a decision to limit life support in the ICU: a pilot feasibility trial. Crit Care Med 2017; 45 (01) 35-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Brunker LB, Boncyk CS, Rengel KF, Hughes CG. Elderly patients and management in intensive care units (ICU): clinical challenges. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18: 93-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Herridge MS, Azoulay É. Outcomes after critical illness. N Engl J Med 2023; 388 (10) 913-924
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Ferrante LE, Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Leo-Summers LS, Gill TM. Functional trajectories among older persons before and after critical illness. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175 (04) 523-529
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Aunan JR, Watson MM, Hagland HR, Søreide K. Molecular and biological hallmarks of ageing. Br J Surg 2016; 103 (02) e29-e46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Devlin JW, O'Neal Jr HR, Thomas C. et al. Strategies to optimize ICU liberation (A to F) bundle performance in critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Explor 2020; 2 (06) e0139
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Pun BT, Badenes R, Heras La Calle G. et al; COVID-19 Intensive Care International Study Group. Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9 (03) 239-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Liu K, Nakamura K, Katsukawa H. et al. Implementation of the ABCDEF bundle for critically ill ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-national 1-day point prevalence study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8: 735860
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Jones C, Skirrow P, Griffiths RD. et al. Rehabilitation after critical illness: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2003; 31 (10) 2456-2461
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Schweickert WD, Pohlman MC, Pohlman AS. et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373 (9678): 1874-1882
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Denehy L, Skinner EH, Edbrooke L. et al. Exercise rehabilitation for patients with critical illness: a randomized controlled trial with 12 months of follow-up. Crit Care 2013; 17 (04) R156
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Morris PE, Berry MJ, Files DC. et al. Standardized rehabilitation and hospital length of stay among patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315 (24) 2694-2702
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Moss M, Nordon-Craft A, Malone D. et al. A randomized trial of an intensive physical therapy program for patients with acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193 (10) 1101-1110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Schaller SJ, Anstey M, Blobner M. et al; International Early SOMS-guided Mobilization Research Initiative. Early, goal-directed mobilisation in the surgical intensive care unit: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 388 (10052): 1377-1388
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Hodgson CL, Bailey M, Bellomo R. et al; TEAM Study Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early active mobilization during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2022; 387 (19) 1747-1758
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Patel BK, Wolfe KS, Patel SB. et al. Effect of early mobilisation on long-term cognitive impairment in critical illness in the USA: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2023; 11 (06) 563-572
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Co I, Hyzy RC. Lost in transition: a call to arms for better transition from ICU to hospital ward. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (07) 1075-1076
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Sauro KM, Soo A, de Grood C. et al. Adverse events after transition from ICU to hospital ward: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med 2020; 48 (07) 946-953
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Bourne RS, Herridge MS, Burry LD. Less inappropriate medication: first steps in medication optimization to improve post-intensive care patient recovery. Intensive Care Med 2024; 50 (06) 982-985
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Bourne RS, Jeffries M, Phipps DL. et al. Understanding medication safety involving patient transfer from intensive care to hospital ward: a qualitative sociotechnical factor study. BMJ Open 2023; 13 (05) e066757
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Bourne RS, Jennings JK, Panagioti M, Hodkinson A, Sutton A, Ashcroft DM. Medication-related interventions to improve medication safety and patient outcomes on transition from adult intensive care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Qual Saf 2022; 31 (08) 609-622
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Troosters T, Demeyer H, Hornikx M, Camillo CA, Janssens W. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Clin Chest Med 2014; 35 (01) 241-249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Taylor RS, Dalal HM, McDonagh STJ. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19 (03) 180-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021; 27 (04) 601-615
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Barker-Davies RM, O'Sullivan O, Senaratne KPP. et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54 (16) 949-959
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Rudd KE, Kissoon N, Limmathurotsakul D. et al. The global burden of sepsis: barriers and potential solutions. Crit Care 2018; 22 (01) 232
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Nazer L, Abusara A, Aloran B. et al. Patient diversity and author representation in clinical studies supporting the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021: a systematic review of citations. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23 (01) 751
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Minejima E, Wong-Beringer A. Impact of socioeconomic status and race on sepsis epidemiology and outcomes. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 6 (01) 194-209
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Wooldridge G, Murthy S, Kissoon N. Core outcome set in paediatric sepsis in low- and middle-income countries: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10 (04) e034960
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Sepsis Canada. Accessed June 4, 2024 at: https://www.sepsiscanada.ca/about/about-sepsis-canada
    PubMed
  • 127 Burns KEA, Misak C, Herridge M, Meade MO, Oczkowski S. Patient and Family Partnership Committee of the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Patient and family engagement in the ICU. Untapped opportunities and underrecognized challenges. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198 (03) 310-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Oxland P, Foster N, Fiest KM, Skrobik Y. Engaging patients and families to help research inform and advance patient and family-centered care in critical care medicine. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2020; 32 (02) 211-226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Czerwonka AI, Herridge MS, Chan L, Chu LM, Matte A, Cameron JI. Changing support needs of survivors of complex critical illness and their family caregivers across the care continuum: a qualitative pilot study of Towards RECOVER. J Crit Care 2015; 30 (02) 242-249
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Watland S, Solberg Nes L, Hanson E, Ekstedt M, Stenberg U, Børøsund E. The caregiver pathway, a model for the systematic and individualized follow-up of family caregivers at intensive care units: development study. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7: e46299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar