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Am J Perinatol 2024; 41(15): 2072-2081
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786033
Original Article

Exploring the Limits of Artificial Intelligence for Referencing Scientific Articles

Emily M. Graf
1   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
,
Jordan A. McKinney 
1   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
,
Alexander B. Dye
1   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
,
Lifeng Lin
2   Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
,
Luis Sanchez-Ramos
1   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida
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Abstract

Objective To evaluate the reliability of three artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots (ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Chatsonic) in generating accurate references from existing obstetric literature.

Study Design Between mid-March and late April 2023, ChatGPT, Google Bard, and Chatsonic were prompted to provide references for specific obstetrical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in 2020. RCTs were considered for inclusion if they were mentioned in a previous article that primarily evaluated RCTs published by the top medical and obstetrics and gynecology journals with the highest impact factors in 2020 as well as RCTs published in a new journal focused on publishing obstetric RCTs. The selection of the three AI models was based on their popularity, performance in natural language processing, and public availability. Data collection involved prompting the AI chatbots to provide references according to a standardized protocol. The primary evaluation metric was the accuracy of each AI model in correctly citing references, including authors, publication title, journal name, and digital object identifier (DOI). Statistical analysis was performed using a permutation test to compare the performance of the AI models.

Results Among the 44 RCTs analyzed, Google Bard demonstrated the highest accuracy, correctly citing 13.6% of the requested RCTs, whereas ChatGPT and Chatsonic exhibited lower accuracy rates of 2.4 and 0%, respectively. Google Bard often substantially outperformed Chatsonic and ChatGPT in correctly citing the studied reference components. The majority of references from all AI models studied were noted to provide DOIs for unrelated studies or DOIs that do not exist.

Conclusion To ensure the reliability of scientific information being disseminated, authors must exercise caution when utilizing AI for scientific writing and literature search. However, despite their limitations, collaborative partnerships between AI systems and researchers have the potential to drive synergistic advancements, leading to improved patient care and outcomes.

Key Points

  • AI chatbots often cite scientific articles incorrectly.

  • AI chatbots can create false references.

  • Responsible AI use in research is vital.

Keywords

ChatGPT - Chatsonic - Google Bard - artificial intelligence - references


Publication History

Received: 13 November 2023

Accepted: 24 March 2024

Article published online:
23 April 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

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