PDF herunterladen
Int J Sports Med 2018; 39(06): 462-467
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-102134
Orthopedics & Biomechanics
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Differences in Segmental Speeds as a Function of Maturation in Youth Baseball Pitchers

Jessica K. Washington
1   Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, United States
,
Gabrielle G. Gilmer
1   Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, United States
,
Jeff W. Barfield
1   Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, United States
,
Sarah S. Gascon
1   Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, United States
,
Michael G. Saper
2   Seattle Children's, Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, Seattle, United States
,
Jeffrey R. Dugas
3   American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, United States
,
James R. Andrews
4   Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Orthopaedics, Gulf Breeze, United States
,
Gretchen D. Oliver
1   Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, United States
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf



accepted 23. Januar 2018

Publikationsdatum:
17. April 2018 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine how stride length, segmental sequencing of the pelvis, trunk, humerus, and forearm velocities and accelerations, and the timing of these values change as youth mature. Thirteen youth baseball pitchers participated at three consecutive time points: visit 1 (10.7±1.3 years; 151.8±10.7 cm; 45.0±9.65 kg), visit 2 (11.5±1.6 years; 155.5±11.1 cm; 50.4±10.0 kg), and visit 3 (12.4±1.7 years; 161.5±11.7 cm; 56.4±10.8 kg). Participants executed three pitches for a strike to a catcher. The maximum value of stride length and segmental speeds and accelerations was recorded. The point at which these maximum values occurred during the throw was calculated as a percentage from hand separation to maximum internal rotation of the shoulder. Repeated measures ANOVAs and Friedman Tests revealed no statistically significant differences between stride length, segmental speeds and accelerations, and their percentage of the pitch between the three visits. However, there was a significant increase in ball velocity across visits. No significant changes occurred in pitching mechanics between the ages of 10–12. The authors speculate the lack of differences can be accounted for because these ages are prior to any significant pubescent changes. Future research should consider pre- and post- pubescent age groups.

Key words

pre-pubescent - performance - throwing mechanics
 

  • References

  • 1 Aguinaldo AL, Chambers H. Correlation of throwing mechanics with elbow valgus load in adult baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37: 2043-2048
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Baseball LL.Protecting youth pitching arms: Updated for 2008. In, http://wwwlittleleagueorg/assets/old_assets/media/pitch_count_publication_2008pdf : Little League Baseball; 2008
    PubMed
  • 3 Bunn J. Scientific Principles of Coaching. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1972
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Chu SK, Jayabalan P, Kibler WB, Press J. The kinetic chain revisited: New concepts on throwing mechanics and injury. PM R 2016; 8: S69-S77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Crotin RL, Kozlowski K, Horvath P, Ramsey DK. Altered stride length in response to increasing exertion among baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46: 565-571
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Elliott B, Grove JR, Gibson B, Thurston B. A three-dimensional cinematographic analysis of the fastball and curveball pitches in baseball. Int J Sport Biomech 1986; 2: 20-28
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Cutter GR, Weber A, Loftice J, McMichael C, Hassell N, Lyman S. Risk of serious injury for young baseball pitchers: A 10-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39: 253-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Fleisig GS, Diffendaffer AZ, Ivey B, Aune KT, Laughlin T, Fortenbaugh D, Bolt B, Lucas W, Moore KD, Dugas JR. Changes in youth baseball pitching biomechanics: A 7-year longitudinal study. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46: 44-51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 Update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Huang YH, Wu TY, Learman KE, Tsai YS. A comparison of throwing kinematics between youth baseball players with and without a history of medial elbow pain. Chin J Physiol 2010; 53: 160-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Kibler WB. Biomechanical analysis of the shoulder during tennis activities. Clin Sports Med 1995; 14: 79-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kibler WB. The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26: 325-337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Kibler WB, Press J, Sciascia A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med 2006; 36: 189-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Kibler WB, Wilkes T, Sciascia A. Mechanics and pathomechanics in the overhead athlete. Clin Sports Med 2013; 32: 637-651
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED. Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30: 463-468
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Makhni EC, Morrow ZS, Luchetti TJ, Mishra-Kalyani PS, Gualtieri AP, Lee RW, Ahmad CS. Arm pain in youth baseball players: A survey of healthy players. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43: 41-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Mendell D. Stealing home: How travel teams are eroding community baseball. In: The Washington Post. 2017
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Myers JB. Scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 263-271
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Oliver GD. Relationship between gluteal muscle activation and upper extremity kinematics and kinetics in softball position players. Med Biol Eng Comput 2014; 52: 265-270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Oliver GD, Keeley DW. Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 3241-3246
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Oliver GD, Plummer H. Effects of pitching a simulated game on upper extremity kinematics in youth baseball pitchers. Int J Sports Exer Med 2015; 1: 1-4
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Oliver GD, Sola M, Dougherty C, Huddleston S. Quantitative examination of upper and lower extremity muscle activation during common shoulder rehabilitation exercises using the Bodyblade. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 2509-2517
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Oliver GD, Weimar WH, Henning L. Effects of a simulated game on muscle activaiton in youth baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 415-420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Olsen 2nd SJ, Fleisig GS, Dun S, Loftice J, Andrews JR. Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 905-912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ. Biomechanics of baseball pitching. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med 1985; 13: 216-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Plummer H, Oliver GD. Quantitative analysis of kinematics and kinetics of catchers throwing to second base. J Sports Sci 2013; 31: 1108-1116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Plummer HA, Oliver GD. Descriptive analysis of kinematics and kinetics of catchers throwing to second base from their knees. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 29: 107-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Putnam CA. Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations. J Biomech 1993; 26 (Suppl. 01) 125-135
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ramsey DK, Crotin RL. Effect of stride length on overarm throwing delivery: Part II: An angular momentum response. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 46: 30-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Rogol AD, Roemmich JN, Clark PA. Growth at puberty. J Adolesc Health 2002; 31: 192-200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marshall WA, Carter BS. Prediction of adult height from height, bone age, and occurrence of menarche, at ages 4 to 16 with allowance for midparent height. Arch Dis Child 1975; 50: 14-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Urbin MA, Fleisig GS, Abebe A, Andrews JR. Associations between timing in the baseball pitch and shoulder kinetics, elbow kinetics, and ball speed. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41: 336-342
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Veeger HE. The position of the rotation center of the glenohumeral joint. J Biomech 2000; 33: 1711-1715
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Wagner H, Pfusterschmied J, Von Duvillard SP, Muller E. Skill-dependent proximal-to-distal sequence in team-handball throwing. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 21-29
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Walton J, Paxinos A, Tzannes A, Callanan M, Hayes K, Murrell GA. The unstable shoulder in the adolescent athlete. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30: 758-767
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Werner SL, Jones DG, Guido Jr. JA, Brunet ME. Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34: 597-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Wu G, Siegler S, Allard P, Kirtley C, Leardini A, Rosenbaum D, Whittle M, D'Lima DD, Cristofolini L, Witte H, Schmid O, Stokes I. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate system of various joints for reporting of human joint motion-part I: ankle, hip, and spine. J Biomech 2002; 35: 543-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Wu G, van der Helm FCT, Veeger HEJ, Makhsous M, Van Roy P, Anglin C, Nagels J, Karduna AR, McQuade K, Wang X, Werner FW, Buchholz B. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech 2005; 38: 981-992
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Yang J, Mann BJ, Guettler JH, Dugas JR, Irrgang JJ, Fleisig G, Albright JP. Risk-prone pitching activites and injuries in youth baseball: Findings from a national sample. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42: 1456-1463
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Zaremski JL, Krabak BJ. Shoulder injuries in the skeletally immature baseball pitcher and recommendations for the prevention of injury. PM R 2012; 4: 509-516
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar