PDF herunterladen
Semin Plast Surg 2023; 37(04): 265-274
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776330
Review Article

Pediatric Craniofacial Tumor Reconstruction

Matthew J. Parham
1   Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
,
Yang Ding
1   Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
,
Daniel S. Wang
1   Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
,
Austin Y. Jiang
1   Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
,
Edward P. Buchanan
1   Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
2   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
3   Division of Plastic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Austin, Texas
› Institutsangaben Funding None.
› Weitere Informationen
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

Effective management of pediatric craniofacial tumors requires coordinated input from medical, oncologic, and surgical specialties. Reconstructive algorithms must consider limitations in pediatric donor tissue and account for future growth and development. Immediate reconstruction is often focused on filling dead space, protecting underlying structures, and ensuring skeletal symmetry. Staged reconstruction occurs after the patient has reached skeletal maturity and is focused on restoring permanent dentition. Reconstructive options vary depending on the location, size, and composition of resected tissue. Virtual surgical planning (VSP) reduces the complexity of pediatric craniofacial reconstruction and ensures more predictable outcomes.

Keywords

plastic surgery - neoplasms - head and neck - reconstruction - maxillomandibular - pediatrics


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
10. November 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Albright JT, Topham AK, Reilly JS. Pediatric head and neck malignancies: US incidence and trends over 2 decades. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002; 128 (06) 655-659
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Gormley M, Creaney G, Schache A, Ingarfield K, Conway DI. Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors. Br Dent J 2022; 233 (09) 780-786
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Perry KS, Tkaczuk AT, Caccamese Jr JF, Ord RA, Pereira KD. Tumors of the pediatric maxillofacial skeleton: a 20-year clinical study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 141 (01) 40-44
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Moore BA, DeMonte F, Robb GL, Chang DW. Reconstruction of ablative skull base defects in the pediatric population. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120 (03) 719-727
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Tsai EC, Santoreneos S, Rutka JT. Tumors of the skull base in children: review of tumor types and management strategies. Neurosurg Focus 2002; 12 (05) e1
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Archibald S, Jackson S, Thoma A. Paranasal sinus and midfacial reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 2005; 32 (03) 309-325 , v
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Cordeiro PG, Chen CM. A 15-year review of midface reconstruction after total and subtotal maxillectomy: part I. Algorithm and outcomes. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 129 (01) 124-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Davison SP, Sherris DA, Meland NB. An algorithm for maxillectomy defect reconstruction. Laryngoscope 1998; 108 (02) 215-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Hanasono MM, Silva AK, Yu P, Skoracki RJ. A comprehensive algorithm for oncologic maxillary reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 131 (01) 47-60
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chang DW, Langstein HN, Gupta A. et al. Reconstructive management of cranial base defects after tumor ablation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107 (06) 1346-1355 , discussion 1356–1357
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Manlove AE, Romeo G, Venugopalan SR. Craniofacial growth: current theories and influence on management. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2020; 32 (02) 167-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Costello BJ, Rivera RD, Shand J, Mooney M. Growth and development considerations for craniomaxillofacial surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2012; 24 (03) 377-396
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Farkas LG, Posnick JC, Hreczko TM. Anthropometric growth study of the head. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1992; 29 (04) 303-308
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Liang C, Profico A, Buzi C. et al. Normal human craniofacial growth and development from 0 to 4 years. Sci Rep 2023; 13 (01) 9641
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Tran AQ, Kazim M. Orbital surgical guidelines: pediatric considerations. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2021; 82 (01) 142-148
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Chang JT, Morrison CS, Styczynski JR, Mehan W, Sullivan SR, Taylor HO. Pediatric orbital depth and growth: a radiographic analysis. J Craniofacial Surg 2015; 26 (06) 1988-1991
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Roeder RA, Thaller S. Unique features of the pediatric craniofacial anatomy. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22 (02) 392-394
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Buschang PH, Roldan SI, Tadlock LP. Guidelines for assessing the growth and development of orthodontic patients. Semin Orthod 2017; 23 (04) 321-335
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Singh B, Cordeiro PG, Santamaria E, Shaha AR, Pfister DG, Shah JP. Factors associated with complications in microvascular reconstruction of head and neck defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 103 (02) 403-411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Otmani N. Oral and maxillofacial side effects of radiation therapy on children. J Can Dent Assoc 2007; 73 (03) 257-261
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Garfein E, Doscher M, Tepper O, Gill J, Gorlick R, Smith RV. Reconstruction of the pediatric midface following oncologic resection. J Reconstr Microsurg 2015; 31 (05) 336-342
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Markiewicz MR, Ruiz RL, Pirgousis P. et al. Microvascular free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction in children: part I. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27 (04) 846-856
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Klug C, Berzaczy D, Reinbacher H. et al. Influence of previous radiotherapy on free tissue transfer in the head and neck region: evaluation of 455 cases. Laryngoscope 2006; 116 (07) 1162-1167
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Dempsey RF, Chelius Jr DC, Pederson WC. et al. Pediatric craniomaxillofacial oncologic reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 2019; 46 (02) 261-273
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Raval MV, Brockel MA, Kolaček S. et al. Key strategies for optimizing pediatric perioperative nutrition-insight from a multidisciplinary expert panel. Nutrients 2023; 15 (05) 1270
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kramer S, Newcomb M, Hessler J, Siddiqui F. Prophylactic versus reactive PEG tube placement in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 150 (03) 407-412
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Åvitsland TL, Kristensen C, Emblem R, Veenstra M, Mala T, Bjørnland K. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children: a safe technique with major symptom relief and high parental satisfaction. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 43 (05) 624-628
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Laedrach K, Lukes A, Raveh J. Reconstruction of skull base and fronto-orbital defects following tumor resection. Skull Base 2007; 17 (01) 59-72
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Reiser V, Alterman M, Shuster A. et al. V-stand: a versatile surgical platform for oromandibular reconstruction using a 3-dimensional virtual modeling system. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73 (06) 1211-1226
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Patel A, Otterburn D, Saadeh P, Levine J, Hirsch DL. 3D volume assessment techniques and computer-aided design and manufacturing for preoperative fabrication of implants in head and neck reconstruction. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2011; 19 (04) 683-709 , ix
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Rodby KA, Turin S, Jacobs RJ. et al. Advances in oncologic head and neck reconstruction: systematic review and future considerations of virtual surgical planning and computer aided design/computer aided modeling. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67 (09) 1171-1185
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Alkaabi S, Maningky M, Helder MN, Alsabri G. Virtual and traditional surgical planning in orthognathic surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 60 (09) 1184-1191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Stokbro K, Aagaard E, Torkov P, Bell RB, Thygesen T. Virtual planning in orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2014; 43 (08) 957-965
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cleveland EC, Zampell J, Avraham T, Lee ZH, Hirsch D, Levine JP. Reconstruction of congenital mandibular hypoplasia with microvascular free fibula flaps in the pediatric population: a paradigm shift. J Craniofac Surg 2017; 28 (01) 79-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Parry SW, Toth BA, Elliott LF. Microvascular free-tissue transfer in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988; 81 (06) 838-840
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Janik S, Brkic FF, Grasl S, Königswieser M, Franz P, Erovic BM. Tracheostomy in bilateral neck dissection: comparison of three tracheostomy scoring systems. Laryngoscope 2020; 130 (11) E580-E586
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Cameron M, Corner A, Diba A, Hankins M. Development of a tracheostomy scoring system to guide airway management after major head and neck surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2009; 38 (08) 846-849
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Tse DT, Goodwin WJ, Johnson T, Gilberg S, Meldrum M. Use of galeal or pericranial flaps for reconstruction or orbital and eyelid defects. Arch Ophthalmol 1997; 115 (07) 932-937
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Ellis DS, Toth BA, Stewart WB. Temporoparietal fascial flap for orbital and eyelid reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1992; 89 (04) 606-612
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Salam AA, Ibbett I, Thani N. Paediatric cranioplasty: a review. Interdiscip Neurosurg 2018; 13: 59-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Steinbok P, Seal SKF, Courtemanche DJ. Split calvarial bone grafting in patients less than 1 year of age: technical note and use in craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27 (07) 1149-1152
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Barone CM, Jimenez DF. Split-thickness calvarial grafts in young children. J Craniofac Surg 1997; 8 (01) 43-47
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Vercler CJ, Sugg KB, Buchman SR. Split cranial bone grafting in children younger than 3 years old: debunking a surgical myth. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014; 133 (06) 822e-827e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Rogers GF, Greene AK, Mulliken JB, Proctor MR, Ridgway EB. Exchange cranioplasty using autologous calvarial particulate bone graft effectively repairs large cranial defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011; 127 (04) 1631-1642
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Shah AM, Jung H, Skirboll S. Materials used in cranioplasty: a history and analysis. J Neurosurg 2014; 36 (04) E19
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Bowers CA, McMullin JH, Brimley C, Etherington L, Siddiqi FA, Riva-Cambrin J. Minimizing bone gaps when using custom pediatric cranial implants is associated with implant success. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015; 16 (04) 439-444
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Zhou Y, Jiang Z, Li C. et al. An algorithm for one-stage malignant oncologic scalp reconstruction. Ann Transl Med 2020; 8 (07) 432
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Leedy JE, Janis JE, Rohrich RJ. Reconstruction of acquired scalp defects: an algorithmic approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 116 (04) 54e-72e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 TerKonda RP, Sykes JM. Concepts in scalp and forehead reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1997; 30 (04) 519-539
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Gohari S, Gambla C, Healey M. et al. Evaluation of tissue-engineered skin (human skin substitute) and secondary intention healing in the treatment of full thickness wounds after Mohs micrographic or excisional surgery. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (12) 1107-1114 , discussion 1114
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Gosain AK, Zochowski CG, Cortes W. Refinements of tissue expansion for pediatric forehead reconstruction: a 13-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 124 (05) 1559-1570
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Braun TL, Hamilton KL, Monson LA, Buchanan EP, Hollier Jr LH. Tissue expansion in children. Semin Plast Surg 2016; 30 (04) 155-161
    Artikel in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Rivera R, LoGiudice J, Gosain AK. Tissue expansion in pediatric patients. Clin Plast Surg 2005; 32 (01) 35-44 , viii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 El-Saadi MM, Nasr MA. The effect of tissue expansion on skull bones in the paediatric age group from 2 to 7 years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008; 61 (04) 413-418
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Han T, Ahmed KS, Gosain AK, Tepole AB, Lee T. Multi-fidelity gaussian process surrogate modeling of pediatric tissue expansion. J Biomech Eng 2022; 144 (12) 121005
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Tepole AB, Ploch CJ, Wong J, Gosain AK, Kuhl E. Growing skin: a computational model for skin expansion in reconstructive surgery. J Mech Phys Solids 2011; 59 (10) 2177-2190
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Shapiro MJ. Composite myocutaneous flaps. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981; 89 (06) 969-973
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Lee HB, Hong JP, Kim KT, Chung YK, Tark KC, Bong JP. Orbital floor and infraorbital rim reconstruction after total maxillectomy using a vascularized calvarial bone flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999; 104 (03) 646-653
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Davison SP, Mesbahi AN, Clemens MW, Picken CA. Vascularized calvarial bone flaps and midface reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 122 (01) 10e-18e
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Neligan PC, Mulholland S, Irish J. et al. Flap selection in cranial base reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 98 (07) 1159-1166 , discussion 1167–1168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 McCarthy CM, Cordeiro PG. Microvascular reconstruction of oncologic defects of the midface. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126 (06) 1947-1959
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Genden EM, Buchbinder D, Chaplin JM, Lueg E, Funk GF, Urken ML. Reconstruction of the pediatric maxilla and mandible. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 126 (03) 293-300
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Valentini V, Califano L, Cassoni A. et al. Maxillo-mandibular reconstruction in pediatric patients: how to do it?. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29 (03) 761-766
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Zhang WB, Wang Y, Liu XJ. et al. Reconstruction of maxillary defects with free fibula flap assisted by computer techniques. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43 (05) 630-636
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Benoit MM, Vargas SO, Bhattacharyya N. et al. The presentation and management of mandibular tumors in the pediatric population. Laryngoscope 2013; 123 (08) 2035-2042
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Chuong R, Kaban LB. Diagnosis and treatment of jaw tumors in children. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985; 43 (05) 323-332
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Joy MT, Liao CD, Magdycz WP, Parulis AW, Thompson JT. Diagnosis and treatment of a benign pediatric mandible tumor. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019; 7 (10) e2452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Bansal A, Nagori SA, Chug A, Dixit A, Chowdhry R, Reddy SG. Reconstruction options in pediatric population with hemi or total mandibulectomy defects: a systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12 (02) 238-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Guo L, Ferraro NF, Padwa BL, Kaban LB, Upton J. Vascularized fibular graft for pediatric mandibular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121 (06) 2095-2105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Shahzad F. Pediatric mandible reconstruction: controversies and considerations. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2020; 8 (12) e3285
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Chan C, Włodarczyk JR, Wolfswinkel E, Odono LT, Urata MM, Hammoudeh JA. Establishing a novel treatment algorithm for pediatric mandibular tumor reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33 (03) 744-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Zavala A, Ore JF, Broggi A, De Pawlikowski W. Pediatric mandibular reconstruction using the vascularized fibula free flap: functional outcomes in 34 consecutive patients. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 87 (06) 662-668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Zhang WB, Liang T, Peng X. Mandibular growth after paediatric mandibular reconstruction with the vascularized free fibula flap: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2016; 45 (04) 440-447
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Crosby MA, Martin JW, Robb GL, Chang DW. Pediatric mandibular reconstruction using a vascularized fibula flap. Head Neck 2008; 30 (03) 311-319
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Temiz G, Bilkay U, Tiftikçioğlu YÖ, Mezili CT, Songür E. The evaluation of flap growth and long-term results of pediatric mandible reconstructions using free fibular flaps. Microsurgery 2015; 35 (04) 253-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Warren SM, Borud LJ, Brecht LE, Longaker MT, Siebert JW. Microvascular reconstruction of the pediatric mandible. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119 (02) 649-661
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Liu A, Odono LT, Wlodarczyk JR, Garg RK, Hammoudeh JA. Unique techniques utilizing rib grafts for mandibular reconstruction in the pediatric population. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32 (05) 1780-1784
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Volk AS, Riad SSH, Kania KE. et al. Quantifying free fibula flap growth after pediatric mandibular reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31 (07) e710-e714
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Liu S, Zhang WB, Wang Y, Mao C, Yu GY, Peng X. Long-term outcomes after pediatric mandibular reconstruction using vascularized freefibula flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; (e-pub ahead of print) DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000010529.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Chen KT, Mardini S, Chuang DCC. et al. Timing of presentation of the first signs of vascular compromise dictates the salvage outcome of free flap transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120 (01) 187-195
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Dort JC, Farwell DG, Findlay M. et al. Optimal perioperative care in major head and neck cancer surgery with free flap reconstruction: a consensus review and recommendations from the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Society. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2017; 143 (03) 292-303
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Kumar JN, Ravi P. Postoperative care of the maxillofacial surgery patient. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin 2020; 239-255
    PubMedGoogle Scholar