Download PDF
CC BY 4.0 · Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 2024; 14(03): 303-308
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771387
Review Article

Role of Genetic Markers in Dental Caries: A Literature Review

Disha Sharma
1   Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
,
Srikala Bhandary 
1   Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, A B Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences (ABSMIDS), Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
› Author Affiliations Funding None.
› Further Information
Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Introduction This article reviews the literature on the role of genetic markers in the initiation and progression of dental caries and provides a modern understanding of the disease etiology. Dental caries is a complex, chronic, multifactorial disease which is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors. Identification of genetic risk factors will help screen and identify susceptible patients to better understand the contribution of genes in caries etiopathogenesis to formulate various diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of the disease.

Materials and Methods Innovations and ideas were retrieved based on the literature in journals and textbooks indexed in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science database. The theories obtained are then summarized into a continuous series; thus, readers can more easily understand the ideas and innovations offered.

Results Through interactions of the involved gene products, genetic markers have been constructed and provide us with insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying caries. There can also be gene–gene interactions or gene–environment interactions that create epigenetic effects that all possibly contribute to caries risk and resistance. A variety of caries markers have been identified, including genes affecting salivary flow rates and composition, tooth formation genes, as well as immune genes.

Conclusion Information derived from various diverse studies will provide new tools to target individuals and/or populations for a more efficient and effective implementation of new preventive measures and diagnostic and novel therapeutic approaches in the management of dental caries.

Keywords

genetics - dental caries - salivary flow - extracellular matrix


Publication History

Article published online:
31 July 2023

© 2023. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

 

  • References

  • 1 Udina IG, Gulenko OV. Molecular-genetic mechanisms of caries development. Russ J Genet 2018; 54 (04) 415-422
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Bretz WA, Corby PM, Melo MR. et al. Heritability estimates for dental caries and sucrose sweetness preference. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51 (12) 1156-1160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Wang X, Shaffer JR, Weyant RJ. et al. Genes and their effects on dental caries may differ between primary and permanent dentitions. Caries Res 2010; 44 (03) 277-284
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Küchler EC, Deeley K, Ho B. et al. Genetic mapping of high caries experience on human chromosome 13. BMC Med Genet 2013; 14: 116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Küchler EC, Feng P, Deeley K. et al. Fine mapping of locus Xq25.1-27-2 for a low caries experience phenotype. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59 (05) 479-486
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Briseño-Ruiz J, Shimizu T, Deeley K. et al. Role of TRAV locus in low caries experience. Hum Genet 2013; 132 (09) 1015-1025
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Eckert S, Feingold E, Cooper M. et al. Variants on chromosome 4q21 near PKD2 and SIBLINGs are associated with dental caries. J Hum Genet 2017; 62 (04) 491-496
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Wang Q, Jia P, Cuenco KT. et al. Multi-dimensional prioritization of dental caries candidate genes and its enriched dense network modules. PLoS One 2013; 8 (10) e76666
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Werneck RI, Mira MT, Trevilatto PC. A critical review: an overview of genetic influence on dental caries. Oral Dis 2010; 16 (07) 613-623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Cavallari T, Arima LY, Ferrasa A. et al. Dental caries: Genetic and protein interactions. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 108: 104522
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Acton RT, Dasanayake AP, Harrison RA. et al. Associations of MHC genes with levels of caries-inducing organisms and caries severity in African-American women. Hum Immunol 1999; 60 (10) 984-989
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Townsend GC, Richards L, Hughes T, Pinkerton S, Schwerdt W. Epigenetic influences may explain dental differences in monozygotic twin pairs. Aust Dent J 2005; 50 (02) 95-100
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Shaffer JR, Feingold E, Wang X. et al. Clustering tooth surfaces into biologically informative caries outcomes. J Dent Res 2013; 92 (01) 32-37
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Wang X, Willing MC, Marazita ML. et al. Genetic and environmental factors associated with dental caries in children: the Iowa Fluoride Study. Caries Res 2012; 46 (03) 177-184
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Yang J, Kawasaki K, Lee M. et al. The dentin phosphoprotein repeat region and inherited defects of dentin. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 4 (01) 28-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Kim JW, Hu JC, Lee JI. et al. Mutational hot spot in the DSPP gene causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. Hum Genet 2005; 116 (03) 186-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Stanley BOC, Feingold E, Cooper M. et al. Genetic association of MPPED2 and ACTN2 with dental caries. J Dent Res 2014; 93 (07) 626-632
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Tannure PN, Küchler EC, Lips A. et al. Genetic variation in MMP20 contributes to higher caries experience. J Dent 2012; 40 (05) 381-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Kang HY, Seymen F, Lee SK. et al. Candidate gene strategy reveals ENAM mutations. J Dent Res 2009; 88 (03) 266-269
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Kim JW, Seymen F, Lin BP. et al. ENAM mutations in autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Res 2005; 84 (03) 278-282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Hart PS, Hart TC, Michalec MD. et al. Mutation in kallikrein 4 causes autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 2004; 41 (07) 545-549
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kim JW, Simmer JP, Hart TC. et al. MMP-20 mutation in autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 2005; 42 (03) 271-275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Vieira AR, Modesto A, Marazita ML. Caries: review of human genetics research. Caries Res 2014; 48 (05) 491-506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Opal S, Garg S, Jain J, Walia I. Genetic factors affecting dental caries risk. Aust Dent J 2015; 60 (01) 2-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Kim JW, Simmer JP, Hu YY. et al. Amelogenin p.M1T and p.W4S mutations underlying hypoplastic X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta. J Dent Res 2004; 83 (05) 378-383
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Lu Y, Papagerakis P, Yamakoshi Y, Hu JC, Bartlett JD, Simmer JP. Functions of KLK4 and MMP-20 in dental enamel formation. Biol Chem 2008; 389 (06) 695-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Riley BT, Ilyichova O, Costa MGS. et al. Direct and indirect mechanisms of KLK4 inhibition revealed by structure and dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 35385
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Shimizu T, Ho B, Deeley K. et al. Enamel formation genes influence enamel microhardness before and after cariogenic challenge. PLoS One 2012; 7 (09) e45022
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Patir A, Seymen F, Yildirim M. et al. Enamel formation genes are associated with high caries experience in Turkish children. Caries Res 2008; 42 (05) 394-400
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Tao R, Jurevic RJ, Coulton KK. et al. Salivary antimicrobial peptide expression and dental caries experience in children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (09) 3883-3888
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Stookey GK. The effect of saliva on dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139: 11S-17S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Smith JK, Siddiqui AA, Modica LA. et al. Interferon-alpha upregulates gene expression of aquaporin-5 in human parotid glands. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19 (08) 929-935
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Culp DJ, Quivey RQ, Bowen WH, Fallon MA, Pearson SK, Faustoferri R. A mouse caries model and evaluation of aqp5-/- knockout mice. Caries Res 2005; 39 (06) 448-454
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Kim SJ, Yu DY, Pak KW, Jeong S, Kim SW, Lee KK. Structure of the human lactoferrin gene and its chromosomal localization. Mol Cells 1998; 8 (06) 663-668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Doetzer AD, Brancher JA, Pecharki GD. et al. Lactotransferrin gene polymorphism associated with caries experience. Caries Res 2015; 49 (04) 370-377
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Vieira AR, Deeley KB, Callahan NF. et al. Clinical study: detection of Streptococcus mutans genomic DNA in human DNA samples extracted from saliva and blood. ISRN Dent 2011; 2011: 543561
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Tanner AC, Kressirer CA, Faller LL. Understanding caries from the oral microbiome perspective. J Calif Dent Assoc 2016; 44 (07) 437-446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Peterson SN, Meissner T, Su AI. et al. Functional expression of dental plaque microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4 (04) 108
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Nasidze I, Li J, Schroeder R, Creasey JL, Li M, Stoneking M. High diversity of the saliva microbiome in Batwa Pygmies. PLoS One 2011; 6 (08) e23352
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Ling Z, Liu X, Wang Y, Li L, Xiang C. Pyrosequencing analysis of the salivary microbiota of healthy Chinese children and adults. Microb Ecol 2013; 65 (02) 487-495
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Cephas KD, Kim J, Mathai RA. et al. Comparative analysis of salivary bacterial microbiome diversity in edentulous infants and their mothers or primary care givers using pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2011; 6 (08) e23503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Abbasoğlu Z, Tanboğa İ, Küchler EC. et al. Early childhood caries is associated with genetic variants in enamel formation and immune response genes. Caries Res 2015; 49 (01) 70-77
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Anitha C, Konde S, Raj NS, Kumar NC, Peethamber P. Dermatoglyphics: a genetic marker of early childhood caries. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014; 32 (03) 220-224
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Gulenko OV, Nosenko LA, Veselovskaya EV. et al. Dermatoglyphic indices in patients with congenital defects of the dentoalveolar system. Kuban. Nauchn. Med. Vestn. 2013; (06) 85-87
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Gulenko OV, Udina IG. Genetic predisposition to dental caries in children with congenital central nervous system development. Natural and Technical Sciences 2016; (08) 78-83
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Gulenko OV, Volobuev VV, Verapatvelyan AF. et al. Comparative analysis of the dental caries incidence in children with neuropsychiatric disorders and congenital cleft lip and palate, living in Krasnodar. Kuban. Nauchn. Med. Vestn. 2017; (02) 56-60
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Werneck RI, Lawrence HP, Kulkarni GV, Locker D. Early childhood caries and access to dental care among children of Portuguese-speaking immigrants in the city of Toronto. J Can Dent Assoc 2008; 74 (09) 805-806
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Shaffer JR, Wang X, McNeil DW, Weyant RJ, Crout R, Marazita ML. Genetic susceptibility to dental caries differs between the sexes: a family-based study. Caries Res 2015; 49 (02) 133-140
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Levy SM, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Hillis SL, Kanellis MJ. Fluoride, beverages and dental caries in the primary dentition. Caries Res 2003; 37 (03) 157-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Ferreira SH, Béria JU, Kramer PF, Feldens EG, Feldens CA. Dental caries in 0- to 5-year-old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2007; 17 (04) 289-296
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Menghini G, Steiner M, Imfeld T. [Early childhood caries–facts and prevention]. Ther Umsch 2008; 65 (02) 75-82
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Wendell S, Wang X, Brown M. et al. Taste genes associated with dental caries. J Dent Res 2010; 89 (11) 1198-1202
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar