RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1771383
Antiplatelet Therapy in Neurointervention
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sin/202303/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-s-0043-1771383_20230068-1.jpg)
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the use of antiplatelet medication in neurointervention, with a focus on the clinical indications for antiplatelet use in both preventing and reducing platelet aggregation. This review will cover current antiplatelet medications, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. We will provide an overview of different endovascular devices and discuss the antiplatelet regimes in neurointervention, highlighting gaps in evidence and scope for future studies.
Two randomized controlled trials have evaluated antiplatelet use in the setting of acute large vessel occlusion stroke, with neither demonstrating benefit in their overall cohorts. Evidence on antiplatelet medication for both acute and elective stenting for acute stroke and treatment of cerebral aneurysms is currently based on large case series, and practice in neurointervention has increasingly utilized dual antiplatelet regimes with clopidogrel and second-line agents like prasugrel and ticagrelor. Clopidogrel function testing has an increasing role in neurointerventional procedures, particularly for high metal surface area stents such as the braided flow diverter type stents. Intravenous glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors have been utilized for both acute bridging and rescue therapy.
Antiplatelet decision making is complex, and there are few randomized control trials to guide clinical practice. Comparative trials to guide decision making remain important in both the acute and elective settings. Standardised protocols incorporating platelet function testing may play a role in assisting decision making until more robust clinical evidence is available, particularly in the context of acute neurointerventional stenting for stroke and ruptured cerebral aneurysms.
Keywords
antiplatelet therapy - intracranial stenting - carotid stenting - stroke - aneurysms - mechanical thrombectomyPublikationsverlauf
Artikel online veröffentlicht:
10. August 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
-
References
- 1 Qiu Z, Li F, Sang H. et al; RESCUE BT Trial Investigators. Effect of intravenous tirofiban vs placebo before endovascular thrombectomy on functional outcomes in large vessel occlusion stroke: the RESCUE BT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022; 328 (06) 543-553
- 2 van der Steen W, van de Graaf RA, Chalos V. et al; MR CLEAN-MED Investigators. Safety and efficacy of aspirin, unfractionated heparin, both, or neither during endovascular stroke treatment (MR CLEAN-MED): an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2022; 399 (10329): 1059-1069
- 3 Wang Y, Pan Y, Zhao X. et al; CHANCE Investigators. Clopidogrel With Aspirin in Acute Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (CHANCE) trial: one-year outcomes. Circulation 2015; 132 (01) 40-46
- 4 Cho SH, Jo WI, Jo YE, Yang KH, Park JC, Lee DH. Bench-top comparison of physical properties of 4 commercially-available self-expanding intracranial stents. Neurointervention 2017; 12 (01) 31-39
- 5 Dandapat S, Mendez-Ruiz A, Martínez-Galdámez M. et al. Review of current intracranial aneurysm flow diversion technology and clinical use. J Neurointerv Surg 2021; 13 (01) 54-62
- 6 Hudson JS, Lang MJ, Gross BA. Novel innovation in flow diversion: surface modifications. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2022; 33 (02) 215-218
- 7 Kühn AL, Gounis MJ, Puri AS. Introduction: history and development of flow diverter technology and evolution. Neurosurgery 2020; 86 (Suppl 1): S3-S10
- 8 Awtry EH, Loscalzo J. Aspirin. Circulation 2000; 101 (10) 1206-1218
- 9 Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol 1971; 231 (25) 232-235
- 10 Weksler BB, Pett SB, Alonso D. et al. Differential inhibition by aspirin of vascular and platelet prostaglandin synthesis in atherosclerotic patients. N Engl J Med 1983; 308 (14) 800-805
- 11 Patrignani P, Filabozzi P, Patrono C. Selective cumulative inhibition of platelet thromboxane production by low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 1982; 69 (06) 1366-1372
- 12 Patrono C, Coller B, Dalen JE. et al. Platelet-active drugs: the relationships among dose, effectiveness, and side effects. Chest 1998; 114 (5, Suppl): 470S-488S
- 13 Nagelschmitz J, Blunck M, Kraetzschmar J, Ludwig M, Wensing G, Hohlfeld T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid after intravenous and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6 (51) 51-59
- 14 Ries T, Buhk JH, Kucinski T. et al. Intravenous administration of acetylsalicylic acid during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms reduces the rate of thromboembolic events. Stroke 2006; 37 (07) 1816-1821
- 15 Edwards NJ, Jones WH, Sanzgiri A, Corona J, Dannenbaum M, Chen PR. Antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of peri-coiling thromboembolism in high-risk patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2017; 127 (06) 1326-1332
- 16 Gupta R, Moore JM, Griessenauer CJ. et al. Assessment of dual-antiplatelet regimen for pipeline embolization device placement: a survey of major academic neurovascular centers in the United States. World Neurosurg 2016; 96: 285-292
- 17 Sangkuhl K, Klein TE, Altman RB. Clopidogrel pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 20 (07) 463-465
- 18 Savi P, Pereillo JM, Uzabiaga MF. et al. Identification and biological activity of the active metabolite of clopidogrel. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84 (05) 891-896
- 19 Jarvis B, Simpson K. Clopidogrel: a review of its use in the prevention of atherothrombosis. Drugs 2000; 60 (02) 347-377
- 20 Savi P, Herbert JM, Pflieger AM. et al. Importance of hepatic metabolism in the antiaggregating activity of the thienopyridine clopidogrel. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44 (03) 527-532
- 21 Lins R, Broekhuysen J, Necciari J, Deroubaix X. Pharmacokinetic profile of 14C-labeled clopidogrel. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999; 25 (Suppl 2): 29-33
- 22 Brandt JT, Close SL, Iturria SJ. et al. Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5 (12) 2429-2436
- 23 Dobesh PP, Oestreich JH. Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34 (10) 1077-1090
- 24 Giorgi MA, Cohen Arazi H, Gonzalez CD, Di Girolamo G. Beyond efficacy: pharmacokinetic differences between clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12 (08) 1285-1295
- 25 Butler K, Teng R. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 70 (01) 65-77
- 26 Sampat PJ, Wadhwa R. Prasugrel. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing;; 2022. Zugriff am 29. November 2022 unter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557427/
- 27 Dobesh PP. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel, a thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29 (09) 1089-1102
- 28 Angiolillo DJ, Suryadevara S, Capranzano P, Bass TA. Prasugrel: a novel platelet ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist. A review on its mechanism of action and clinical development. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9 (16) 2893-2900
- 29 FDA. Prasugrel Product Label. Zugriff am 09. Dezember 2022 unter: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/022307s016lbl.pdf
- 30 Erlinge D, Ten Berg J, Foley D. et al. Reduction in platelet reactivity with prasugrel 5 mg in low-body-weight patients is noninferior to prasugrel 10 mg in higher-body-weight patients: results from the FEATHER trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60 (20) 2032-2040
- 31 Cagnazzo F, Perrini P, Lefevre PH. et al. Comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel used as antiplatelet medication for endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40 (04) 681-686
- 32 Rollini F, Franchi F, Tello-Montoliu A. et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of cangrelor on platelet P2Y12 receptor-mediated signaling in prasugrel-treated patients. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2014; 7 (04) 426-434
- 33 Oestreich JH, Dobesh PP. Cangrelor for treatment during percutaneous coronary intervention. Future Cardiol 2014; 10 (02) 201-213
- 34 Akers WS, Oh JJ, Oestreich JH, Ferraris S, Wethington M, Steinhubl SR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a bolus and infusion of cangrelor: a direct, parenteral P2Y12 receptor antagonist. J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 50 (01) 27-35
- 35 Baker DE, Ingram KT. Cangrelor. Hosp Pharm 2015; 50 (10) 922-929
- 36 Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW. et al; CHAMPION Investigators. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet 2013; 382 (9909) 1981-1992
- 37 Entezami P, Holden DN, Boulos AS. et al. Cangrelor dose titration using platelet function testing during cerebrovascular stent placement. Interv Neuroradiol 2021; 27 (01) 88-98
- 38 Cervo A, Ferrari F, Barchetti G. et al. Use of cangrelor in cervical and intracranial stenting for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a “real life” single-center experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41 (11) 2094-2099
- 39 Noble S, Goa KL. Ticlopidine. A review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability in the prevention of cerebral ischaemia and stroke. Drugs Aging 1996; 8 (03) 214-232
- 40 Howard VJ, Meschia JF, Lal BK. et al; CREST-2 study investigators. Carotid revascularization and medical management for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: protocol of the CREST-2 clinical trials. Int J Stroke 2017; 12 (07) 770-778
- 41 Ahmad F, Degerman E, Manganiello VC. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 signaling complexes. Horm Metab Res 2012; 44 (10) 776-785
- 42 Yan R, Li S, Dai K. The critical roles of cyclic AMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in platelet physiology. Front Biol China 2009; 4 (01) 7-14
- 43 Bramer SL, Forbes WP, Mallikaarjun S. Cilostazol pharmacokinetics after single and multiple oral doses in healthy males and patients with intermittent claudication resulting from peripheral arterial disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999; 37 (Suppl. 02) 1-11
- 44 Balinski AM, Preuss CV. Cilostazol. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Zugriff am 29. November 2022 unter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544363/
- 45 Bhogal P, Brouwer PA, Makalanda HLD. Cilostazol: an antiplatelet agent for the neurointerventionist?. J Neurointerv Surg 2016; 8 (02) 208-209
- 46 Stoffer K, Bistas KG, Reddy V, Shah S. Abciximab. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Zugriff am 30. November 2022 unter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482195/
- 47 Wang Y, Gao H, Shi C. et al. Leukocyte integrin Mac-1 regulates thrombosis via interaction with platelet GPIbα. Nat Commun 2017; 8 (01) 15559
- 48 Jones RG, Davagnanam I, Colley S, West RJ, Yates DA. Abciximab for treatment of thromboembolic complications during endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29 (10) 1925-1929
- 49 Linfante I, Etezadi V, Andreone V. et al. Intra-arterial abciximab for the treatment of thrombus formation during coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg 2010; 2 (02) 135-138
- 50 Gentric JC, Brisson J, Batista AL. et al. Safety of abciximab injection during endovascular treatment of ruptured aneurysms. Interv Neuroradiol 2015; 21 (03) 332-336
- 51 Aggour M, Pierot L, Kadziolka K, Gomis P, Graftieaux JP. Abciximab treatment modalities for thromboembolic events related to aneurysm coiling. Neurosurgery 2010; 67 (2, Suppl Operative): 503-508
- 52 Martínez-Pérez R, Lownie SP, Pelz D. Intra-arterial use of abciximab in thrombo-embolic complications associated with cerebral aneurysm coiling: the London Ontario Experience. World Neurosurg 2017; 100: 342-350
- 53 Mounayer C, Piotin M, Baldi S, Spelle L, Moret J. Intraarterial administration of abciximab for thromboembolic events occurring during aneurysm coil placement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003; 24 (10) 2039-2043
- 54 Valgimigli M, Campo G, Tebaldi M. et al. Abciximab: a reappraisal of its use in coronary care. Biologics 2008; 2 (01) 29-39
- 55 Ries T, Siemonsen S, Grzyska U, Zeumer H, Fiehler J. Abciximab is a safe rescue therapy in thromboembolic events complicating cerebral aneurysm coil embolization: single center experience in 42 cases and review of the literature. Stroke 2009; 40 (05) 1750-1757
- 56 Delgado F, Oteros R, Jimenez-Gomez E, Bravo Rey I, Bautista MD, Valverde Moyano R. Half bolus dose of intravenous abciximab is safe and effective in the setting of acute stroke endovascular treatment. J Neurointerv Surg 2019; 11 (02) 147-152
- 57 Bansal AB, Sattar Y, Jamil RT. Eptifibatide. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Zugriff am 30. November 2022 unter: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541066/
- 58 Leclerc JR. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: lessons learned from clinical trials and future directions. Crit Care Med 2002; 30 (05) S332-S340
- 59 Reheman A, Gross P, Yang H. et al. Vitronectin stabilizes thrombi and vessel occlusion but plays a dual role in platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3 (05) 875-883
- 60 Sedat J, Chau Y, Gaudard J, Suissa L, Lachaud S, Lonjon M. Administration of eptifibatide during endovascular treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms reduces the rate of thromboembolic events. Neuroradiology 2015; 57 (02) 197-203
- 61 Yi HJ, Gupta R, Jovin TG. et al. Initial experience with the use of intravenous eptifibatide bolus during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27 (09) 1856-1860
- 62 Allam H, Vora N, Edgell RC. et al. How safe is eptifibatide during urgent carotid artery stenting?. Front Neurol 2013; 4 (04) 4
- 63 King S, Short M, Harmon C. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors: the resurgence of tirofiban. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 78: 10-16
- 64 Kondo K, Umemura K. Clinical pharmacokinetics of tirofiban, a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist: comparison with the monoclonal antibody abciximab. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41 (03) 187-195
- 65 McClellan KJ, Goa KL. Tirofiban. A review of its use in acute coronary syndromes. Drugs 1998; 56 (06) 1067-1080
- 66 Yoon CH, Lee HW, Kim YS. et al. Preliminary study of tirofiban infusion in coil embolisation of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 2018; 82 (01) 76-84
- 67 Kim S, Choi JH, Kang M, Cha JK, Huh JT. Safety and efficacy of intravenous tirofiban as antiplatelet premedication for stent-assisted coiling in acute ruptured intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37 (03) 508-514
- 68 Liang XD, Wang ZL, Li TX. et al. Safety and efficacy of a new prophylactic tirofiban protocol without oral intraoperative antiplatelet therapy for endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. J Neurointerv Surg 2016; 8 (11) 1148-1153
- 69 Samaniego EA, Gibson E, Nakagawa D. et al. Safety of tirofiban and dual antiplatelet therapy in treating intracranial aneurysms. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 4 (01) 36-42
- 70 VerifyNow™ / Werfen in Australia. Published December 1, 2022 Zugriff am 01. Dezember 2022 unter: https://werfen.com/au/en/haemostasis-diagnostics/verifynow
- 71 Multiplate / Comprehensive platelet function testing. Zugriff am 01. Dezember 2022 unter: https://www.haemoview.com.au/multiplate
- 72 Claassens DMF, Vos GJA, Bergmeijer TO. et al. A genotype-guided strategy for oral P2Y12 inhibitors in primary PCI. N Engl J Med 2019; 381 (17) 1621-1631
- 73 Wang Y, Meng X, Wang A. et al; for the CHANCE-2 Investigators. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in CYP2C19 loss-of-function carriers with stroke or TIA. N Engl J Med 2021; 385: 2520-2530
- 74 Stracke CP, Fiehler J, Meyer L. et al. Emergency intracranial stenting in acute stroke: predictors for poor outcome and for complications. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9 (05) e012795
- 75 Tang L, Tang X, Yang Q. The application of tirofiban in the endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 50 (02) 121-131
- 76 Maingard J, Phan K, Lamanna A. et al. Rescue intracranial stenting after failed mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg 2019; 132: e235-e245
- 77 Mohammaden MH, Haussen DC, Al-Bayati AR. et al. Stenting and angioplasty in neurothrombectomy: matched analysis of rescue intracranial stenting versus failed thrombectomy. Stroke 2022; 53 (09) 2779-2788
- 78 Klein P, Herning A, Drumm B. et al. Basilar artery occlusion thrombectomy technique: an international survey of practice patterns†. Stroke Vasc Intervent Neurol 2023; 3 (02) e000642
- 79 Goyal M, Yoshimura S, Milot G. et al. Considerations for antiplatelet management of carotid stenting in the setting of mechanical thrombectomy: a Delphi Consensus statement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41 (12) 2274-2279
- 80 Anadani M, Marnat G, Consoli A. et al; TITAN and ETIS Registry Investigators. Endovascular therapy of anterior circulation tandem occlusions: pooled analysis from the TITAN and ETIS registries. Stroke 2021; 52 (10) 3097-3105
- 81 Marnat G, Finistis S, Moreno R. et al; ETIS Registry Investigators. Aspirin versus aggressive antiplatelet therapy for acute carotid stenting plus thrombectomy in tandem occlusions: ETIS Registry results. J Neurointerv Surg 2022
- 82 Central Hospital. Nancy, France. Intracranial Thrombectomy and Extracranial Carotid Stenting Versus Intracranial Thrombectomy Alone In Acute Anterior Circulation Strokes With TANdem Occlusion: The Randomized Controlled TITAN Trial. clinicaltrials.gov; 2020 Zugriff am 29. Dezember 2022 unter: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03978988
- 83 Zaidat OO. Proximal Internal Carotid Artery Acute Stroke Secondary to Tandem or Local Occlusion Thrombectomy Trial. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05611242
- 84 Gao P, Wang T, Wang D. et al; CASSISS Trial Investigators. Effect of stenting plus medical therapy vs medical therapy alone on risk of stroke and death in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: the CASSISS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2022; 328 (06) 534-542
- 85 Chimowitz MI, Lynn MJ, Derdeyn CP. et al; SAMMPRIS Trial Investigators. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (11) 993-1003
- 86 Zaidat OO, Fitzsimmons BF, Woodward BK. et al; VISSIT Trial Investigators. Effect of a balloon-expandable intracranial stent vs medical therapy on risk of stroke in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis: the VISSIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313 (12) 1240-1248
- 87 Miao Z, Jiang L, Wu H. et al. Randomized controlled trial of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: endovascular versus medical therapy in a Chinese population. Stroke 2012; 43 (12) 3284-3290
- 88 Compter A, van der Worp HB, Schonewille WJ. et al; VAST investigators. Stenting versus medical treatment in patients with symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: a randomised open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14 (06) 606-614
- 89 Markus HS, Larsson SC, Kuker W. et al; VIST Investigators. Stenting for symptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: the Vertebral Artery Ischaemia Stenting trial. Neurology 2017; 89 (12) 1229-1236
- 90 Alexander MJ, Zauner A, Chaloupka JC. et al; WEAVE Trial Sites and Interventionalists. WEAVE trial. Stroke 2019; 50 (04) 889-894
- 91 Hudson JS, Prout BS, Nagahama Y. et al. External ventricular drain and hemorrhage in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients on dual antiplatelet therapy: a retrospective cohort study. Neurosurgery 2019; 84 (02) 479-484
- 92 Podlasek A, Al Sultan AA, Assis Z, Kashani N, Goyal M, Almekhlafi MA. Outcome of intracranial flow diversion according to the antiplatelet regimen used: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12 (02) 148-155
- 93 Xia P, Huang Y, Chen G. The effect of ticagrelor for endovascular intervention of intracranial aneurysm patients with or without clopidogrel resistant: a meta-analysis. Brain Sci 2022; 12 (08) 1077
- 94 Shim EJ, Ryu CW, Park S, Lee HN, Shin HS, Kim SB. Relationship between adverse events and antiplatelet drug resistance in neurovascular intervention: a meta-analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10 (10) 942-948
- 95 Brinjikji W, Morales-Valero SF, Murad MH, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF. Rescue treatment of thromboembolic complications during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms: a meta-analysis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36 (01) 121-125
- 96 Koge J, Kato S, Hashimoto T, Nakamura Y, Kawajiri M, Yamada T. Vessel wall injury after stent retriever thrombectomy for internal carotid artery occlusion with duplicated middle cerebral artery. World Neurosurg 2019; 123: 54-58
- 97 Kang HS, Han MH, Kwon BJ. et al. Is clopidogrel premedication useful to reduce thromboembolic events during coil embolization for unruptured intracranial aneurysms?. Neurosurgery 2010; 67 (05) 1371-1376 , discussion 1376
- 98 Matsumoto Y, Kondo R, Matsumori Y, Shimizu H, Takahashi A, Tominaga T. Antiplatelet therapy for prevention of thromboembolic complications associated with coil embolization of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Drugs R D 2012; 12 (01) 1-7
- 99 Yamada NK, Cross III DT, Pilgram TK, Moran CJ, Derdeyn CP, Dacey Jr RG. Effect of antiplatelet therapy on thromboembolic complications of elective coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28 (09) 1778-1782
- 100 Ha EJ, Cho WS, Kim JE. al et. Prophylactic antiplatelet medication in endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: Low-dose prasugrel versus clopidogrel. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37 (11) 2060-2065
- 101 Stetler WR, Chaudhary N, Thompson BG, Gemmete JJ, Maher CO, Pandey AS. Prasugrel is effective and safe for neurointerventional procedures. J Neurointerv Surg 2013; 5 (04) 332-336
- 102 Sedat J, Chau Y, Gaudart J, Sachet M, Beuil S, Lonjon M. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in stent-assisted coil embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Interv Neuroradiol 2017; 23 (01) 52-59
- 103 Atallah E, Saad H, Chalouhi N. et al. The use of prasugrel and ticagrelor in pipeline flow diversion. JHNJ 2018; 13 (02) 5
- 104 Mohammaden MH, English SW, Stapleton CJ. et al. Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor as single antiplatelet therapy in prevention of thromboembolic complications associated with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED): multicenter experience. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12 (11) 1113-1116
- 105 Cazayus M, Berge J, Marnat G. et al. Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel associated with aspirin for dual antiplatelet therapy in cerebral aneurysm stenting treatment: monocentric cohort experience. J Neuroradiol 2018; 45 (02) 74
- 106 Park KY, Ozaki T, Kostynskyy A. et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in the dual antiplatelet regimen for intracranial stenting or flow-diverter treatment for unruptured cerebral aneurysms: a single-centre cohort study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42 (09) 1638-1644
- 107 Soize S, Foussier C, Manceau PF. et al. Comparison of two preventive dual antiplatelet regimens for unruptured intracranial aneurysm embolization with flow diverter/disrupter: a matched-cohort study comparing clopidogrel with ticagrelor. J Neuroradiol 2019; 46 (06) 378-383
- 108 Narata AP, Amelot A, Bibi R. et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy combining aspirin and ticagrelor for intracranial stenting procedures: a retrospective single centre study of 154 consecutive patients with unruptured aneurysms. Neurosurgery 2019; 84 (01) 77-83
- 109 DeGrote JR, Olafson EM, Drofa A. et al. Ticagrelor and acetyl salicyclic acid after placement of pipeline embolisation device for cerebral aneurysm: a case series. Can J Hosp Pharm 2018; 71 (06) 349-355
- 110 Hanel RA, Taussky P, Dixon T. et al. Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor for neuroendovascular procedures. A single center initial experience. J Neurointerv Surg 2014; 6 (04) 320-322
- 111 Chung JW, Kim SJ, Hwang J. et al. Comparison of clopidogrel and ticlopidine/ginkgo biloba in patients with clopidogrel resistance and carotid stenting. Front Neurol 2019; 10 (44) 44
- 112 Elhorany M, Lenck S, Degos V. et al. Cangrelor and stenting in acute ischaemic stroke: monocentric case series. Clin Neuroradiol 2021; 31 (02) 439-448
- 113 Zhao L, Jian Y, Li T. et al. The safety and efficiency of Tirofiban in acute ischaemic stroke patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020: 5656173
- 114 Kim YW, Sohn SII, Yoo J. et al. Local tirofiban infusion for remnant stenosis in large vessel occlusion: tirofiban ASSIST study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20: 284
- 115 Ma G, Li S, Jia B. et al. Safety and efficacy of low-dose tirofiban combined with intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke: a matched-control analysis from a nationwide registry. Front Neurol 2021; 10 (12) 6666919
- 116 Bruening R, Mueller-Schunk S, Morhard D. et al. Intraprocedural thrombus formation during coil placement in ruptured intracranial aneurysms: treatment with systemic application of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27 (06) 1326-1331
- 117 Jeong HW, Jin SC. Intra-arterial infusion of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist for the treatment of thromboembolism during coil embolization of intracranial aneurysm: a comparison of abciximab and tirofiban. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34 (08) 1621-1625
- 118 Park JH, Kim JE, Sheen SH. et al. Intraarterial abciximab for treatment of thromboembolism during coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms: outcome and fatal hemorrhagic complications. J Neurosurg 2008; 108 (03) 450-457
- 119 Eckert B, Koch C, Thomalla G. et al. Aggressive therapy with intravenous abciximab and intra-arterial rtPA and additional PTA/stenting improves clinical outcome in acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: combined local fibrinolysis and intravenous abciximab in acute vertebrobasilar stroke treatment (FAST): results of a multicenter study. Stroke 2005; 36 (06) 1160-1165
- 120 Sedat J, Chau Y, Mondot L, Chemla R, Lonjon M, Padovani B. Is eptifibatide a safe and effective rescue therapy in thromboembolic events complicating cerebral aneurysm coil embolization? Single-center experience in 42 cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 2014; 56 (02) 145-153
- 121 Ramakrishnan P, Yoo AJ, Rabinov JD, Ogilvy CS, Hirsch JA, Nogueira RG. Intra-arterial eptifibatide in the management of thromboembolism during endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: case series and a review of the literature. Intervent Neurol 2013; 2 (01) 19-29
- 122 Daniel J, Brar J, Moussavi M. et al. Phase 1 experience of safety of epitifbatide in select patients with elective cerebral aneurysm embolisation. Neurology 2016; 86 (16) P1.250
- 123 Dumont TM, Kan P, Snyder KV, Hopkins LN, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI. Adjunctive use of eptifibatide for complication management during elective neuroendovascular procedures. J Neurointerv Surg 2013; 5 (03) 226-230
- 124 Zhu X, Cao G. Safety of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors used in stroke-related treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 26: 1076029620942594