Download PDF
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44(04): 417-425
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1769614
Review Article

The Global Burden of Pleural Diseases

Erik Vakil
1   Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
,
Niloofar Taghizadeh
2   Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary and Emergency Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
,
Alain Tremblay
1   Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Pleural diseases include a spectrum of disorders broadly categorized into pneumothorax and pleural effusion. They often cause pain, breathlessness, cough, and reduced quality of life. The global burden of diseases reflects regional differences in conditions and exposures associated with pleural disease, such as smoking, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestos, cancer, and organ failure. Disease burden in high-income countries is overrepresented given the availability of data and disease burden in lower-income countries is likely underestimated. In the United States, in 2016, there were 42,215 treat-and-discharge visits to the emergency room for pleural diseases and an additional 361,270 hospitalizations, resulting in a national cost of $10.1 billion.

Keywords

pleural diseases - pleural effusion - pneumothorax - tuberculous - mesothelioma


Publication History

Article published online:
01 June 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 

  • References

  • 1 Thomas R, Jenkins S, Eastwood PR, Lee YC, Singh B. Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2015; 21 (04) 338-345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Light R. Pleural Diseases. 6th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Davies HE, Mishra EK, Kahan BC. et al. Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs chest tube and talc pleurodesis for relieving dyspnea in patients with malignant pleural effusion: the TIME2 randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012; 307 (22) 2383-2389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Thomas R, Fysh ETH, Smith NA. et al. Effect of an indwelling pleural catheter vs talc pleurodesis on hospitalization days in patients with malignant pleural effusion: The ample randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 318 (19) 1903-1912
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Sabur NF, Chee A, Stather DR. et al. The impact of tunneled pleural catheters on the quality of life of patients with malignant pleural effusions. Respiration 2013; 85 (01) 36-42
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Gupta D, Hansell A, Nichols T, Duong T, Ayres JG, Strachan D. Epidemiology of pneumothorax in England. Thorax 2000; 55 (08) 666-671
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Bobbio A, Dechartres A, Bouam S. et al. Epidemiology of spontaneous pneumothorax: gender-related differences. Thorax 2015; 70 (07) 653-658
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Schnell J, Koryllos A, Lopez-Pastorini A, Lefering R, Stoelben E. Spontaneous Pneumothorax. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114 (44) 739-744
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Kim D, Jung B, Jang BH, Chung SH, Lee YJ, Ha IH. Epidemiology and medical service use for spontaneous pneumothorax: a 12-year study using nationwide cohort data in Korea. BMJ Open 2019; 9 (10) e028624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Mummadi SR, Stoller JK, Lopez R, Kailasam K, Gillespie CT, Hahn PY. Epidemiology of adult pleural disease in the United States. Chest 2021; 160 (04) 1534-1551
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Brown SGA, Ball EL, Perrin K. et al; PSP Investigators. Conservative versus interventional treatment for spontaneous pneumothorax. N Engl J Med 2020; 382 (05) 405-415
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Walker SP, Bibby AC, Halford P, Stadon L, White P, Maskell NA. Recurrence rates in primary spontaneous pneumothorax: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2018; 52 (03) 1800864
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Noppen M. Spontaneous pneumothorax: epidemiology, pathophysiology and cause. Eur Respir Rev 2010; 19 (117) 217-219
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Onuki T, Ueda S, Yamaoka M. et al. Primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: prevalence, clinical features, and in-hospital mortality. Can Respir J 2017; 2017: 6014967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 MacDuff A, Arnold A, Harvey J. BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of spontaneous pneumothorax: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 2010; 65 (Suppl. 02) ii18-ii31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Brower RG, Lanken PN, MacIntyre N. et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004; 351 (04) 327-336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Hsu CW, Sun SF. Iatrogenic pneumothorax related to mechanical ventilation. World J Crit Care Med 2014; 3 (01) 8-14
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Chopra A, Al-Tarbsheh AH, Shah NJ. et al. Pneumothorax in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection: incidence, clinical characteristics and outcomes in a case control multicenter study. Respir Med 2021; 184: 106464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Heerink WJ, de Bock GH, de Jonge GJ, Groen HJ, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M. Complication rates of CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2017; 27 (01) 138-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Sainz Zuñiga PV, Vakil E, Molina S, Bassett Jr. RL, Ost DE. Sensitivity of radial endobronchial ultrasound-guided bronchoscopy for lung cancer in patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions: an updated meta-analysis. Chest 2020; 157 (04) 994-1011
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Folch EE, Labarca G, Ospina-Delgado D. et al. Sensitivity and safety of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy for lung cancer diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2020; 158 (04) 1753-1769
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Kusminsky RE. Complications of central venous catheterization. J Am Coll Surg 2007; 204 (04) 681-696
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Gordon CE, Feller-Kopman D, Balk EM, Smetana GW. Pneumothorax following thoracentesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170 (04) 332-339
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 van Rees JB, de Bie MK, Thijssen J, Borleffs CJW, Schalij MJ, van Erven L. Implantation-related complications of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58 (10) 995-1000
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Baumann MH, Noppen M. Pneumothorax. Respirology 2004; 9 (02) 157-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Tran J, Haussner W, Shah K. Traumatic pneumothorax: a review of current diagnostic practices and evolving management. J Emerg Med 2021; 61 (05) 517-528
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Dugan KC, Laxmanan B, Murgu S, Hogarth DK. Management of persistent air leaks. Chest 2017; 152 (02) 417-423
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Bense L, Wiman LG, Jendteg S, Lindgren B. Economic costs of spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest 1991; 99 (01) 260-261
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020; 396 (10258): 1204-1222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Maskell NA, Batt S, Hedley EL, Davies CW, Gillespie SH, Davies RJ. The bacteriology of pleural infection by genetic and standard methods and its mortality significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174 (07) 817-823
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2019: report of the Director-General. 2019 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565714
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Lal C, Huggins JT, Sahn SA. Parasitic diseases of the pleura. Am J Med Sci 2013; 345 (05) 385-389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Finley C, Clifton J, Fitzgerald JM, Yee J. Empyema: an increasing concern in Canada. Can Respir J 2008; 15 (02) 85-89
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Shen HN, Lu CL, Li CY. Epidemiology of pleural infections in Taiwan from 1997 through 2008. Respirology 2012; 17 (07) 1086-1093
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Grijalva CG, Zhu Y, Nuorti JP, Griffin MR. Emergence of parapneumonic empyema in the USA. Thorax 2011; 66 (08) 663-668
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Gupta I, Eid SM, Gillaspie EA, Broderick S, Shafiq M. Epidemiologic trends in pleural infection. a nationwide analysis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18 (03) 452-459
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Bobbio A, Bouam S, Frenkiel J. et al. Epidemiology and prognostic factors of pleural empyema. Thorax 2021; 76 (11) 1117-1123
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Lehtomäki A, Nevalainen R, Ukkonen M, Nieminen J, Laurikka J, Khan J. Trends in the incidence, etiology, treatment, and outcomes of pleural infections in adults over a decade in a Finnish university hospital. Scand J Surg 2020; 109 (02) 127-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Wong D, Yap E. Pleural infection in a New Zealand centre: high incidence in Pacific people and RAPID score as a prognostic tool. Intern Med J 2016; 46 (06) 703-709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Lisboa T, Waterer GW, Lee YC. Pleural infection: changing bacteriology and its implications. Respirology 2011; 16 (04) 598-603
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Rahman NM, Maskell NA, West A. et al. Intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (06) 518-526
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Luengo-Fernandez R, Penz E, Dobson M. et al. Cost-effectiveness of intrapleural use of tissue plasminogen activator and DNase in pleural infection: evidence from the MIST2 randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2019; 54 (02) 1801550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Hayward SE, Rustage K, Nellums LB. et al. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among migrants in Europe, 1995 to 2017. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27 (09) 1347.e1-1347.e7
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Macías A, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Salvador F. et al. Epidemiology and diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis in a low incidence country with high rate of immigrant population: a retrospective study. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 78: 34-38
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported Tubercolosis in the United States 2020. 2021 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/2020/default.htm
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Karstaedt AS. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis among adults: experience at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2013; 104 (01) 22-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Mlika-Cabanne N, Brauner M, Mugusi F. et al. Radiographic abnormalities in tuberculosis and risk of coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results from Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, and scoring system. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152 (02) 786-793
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Global TB Caucus. The Price of a Pandemic. 2017 . Accessed on November 1, 2022 at: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/309c93_2709b6ff47c946fe97b94a72fdfd94e3.pdf
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Silva S, Arinaminpathy N, Atun R, Goosby E, Reid M. Economic impact of tuberculosis mortality in 120 countries and the cost of not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals tuberculosis targets: a full-income analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9 (10) e1372-e1379
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Estimates for TB Treatment Costs (in 2020 US Dollars). 2020 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/infographic/appendix.htm
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1998: report of the Director-General. 1998 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42065
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Entamoeba histolytica Infection - Who is at risk for amebiasis?. 2021 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/amebiasis/general-info.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Stauffer W, Ravdin JI. Entamoeba histolytica: an update. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16 (05) 479-485
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Echinococcosis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors. 2012 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/epi.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 World Health Organization. Fact sheets – Echinococcosis. 2021 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/echinococcosis
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Paragonimiasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors. 2013 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/epi.html
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Kim EA, Lee KS, Primack SL. et al. Viral pneumonias in adults: radiologic and pathologic findings. Radiographics 2002; 22 (Spec No): S137-S149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Nestor J, Huggins T, Kummerfeldt C, DiVietro M, Walters K, Sahn S. Viral diseases affecting the pleura. J Clin Virol 2013; 58 (02) 367-373
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Koo HJ, Lim S, Choe J, Choi S-H, Sung H, Do K-H. Radiographic and CT features of viral pneumonia. Radiographics 2018; 38 (03) 719-739
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Han BK, Son JA, Yoon HK, Lee SI. Epidemic adenoviral lower respiratory tract infection in pediatric patients: radiographic and clinical characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170 (04) 1077-1080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Morris TT. et al. Epidemiology of pleural empyema in English hospitals and the impact of influenza. Eur Respir J 2021; 57 (06) 2003546
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Chong WH, Saha BK, Conuel E, Chopra A. The incidence of pleural effusion in COVID-19 pneumonia: state-of-the-art review. Heart Lung 2021; 50 (04) 481-490
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Roberts ME, Neville E, Berrisford RG, Antunes G, Ali NJ. BTS Pleural Disease Guideline Group. Management of a malignant pleural effusion: British Thoracic Society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax 2010; 65 (Suppl. 02) ii32-ii40
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Pope III CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ. et al. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287 (09) 1132-1141
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Hirata T, Yonemori K, Hirakawa A. et al. Efficacy of pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusions in breast cancer patients. Eur Respir J 2011; 38 (06) 1425-1430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Taghizadeh N, Fortin M, Tremblay A. US hospitalizations for malignant pleural effusions: data from the 2012 National Inpatient Sample. Chest 2017; 151 (04) 845-854
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Fortin M, Taghizadeh N, Tremblay A. Procedures performed during hospitalizations for malignant pleural effusions: data from the 2012 National Inpatient Sample. Respiration 2018; 95 (04) 228-234
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Ost DE, Niu J, Zhao H, Grosu HB, Giordano SH. Quality gaps and comparative effectiveness of management strategies for recurrent malignant pleural effusions. Chest 2018; 153 (02) 438-452
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Shafiq M, Ma X, Taghizadeh N. et al. Healthcare costs and utilization among patients hospitalized for malignant pleural effusion. Respiration 2020; 99 (03) 257-263
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Tian P, Qiu R, Wang M. et al. Prevalence, causes, and health care burden of pleural effusions among hospitalized adults in China. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (08) e2120306
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Xia C, Dong X, Li H. et al. Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135 (05) 584-590
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Botana-Rial M, Ramos-Hernández C, Lojo-Rodríguez I. et al. Cost effectiveness of malignant pleural effusion with indwelling catheter: systematic review. J Palliat Med 2021; 24 (08) 1206-1212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Olfert JAP, Penz ED, Manns BJ. et al. Cost-effectiveness of indwelling pleural catheter compared with talc in malignant pleural effusion. Respirology 2017; 22 (04) 764-770
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Frank AL, Joshi TK. The global spread of asbestos. Ann Glob Health 2014; 80 (04) 257-262
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Furuya S, Chimed-Ochir O, Takahashi K, David A, Takala J. Global asbestos disaster. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15 (05) 1000
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 World Health Organization. Fact sheets - Asbestos: Elimination of asbestos-related diseases. 2018 Accessed May 4, 2023 at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asbestos-elimination-of-asbestos-related-diseases
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Mastrangelo G, Ballarin MN, Bellini E. et al. Feasibility of a screening programme for lung cancer in former asbestos workers. Occup Med (Lond) 2008; 58 (03) 175-180
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Silva M, Sverzellati N, Colombi D. et al. Pleural plaques in lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography: prevalence, association with lung cancer and mortality. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17 (01) 155
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C. et al; GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390 (10100): 1151-1210
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Chimed-Ochir O, Arachi D, Driscoll T, Lin R-T, Takala J, Takahashi K. Burden of mesothelioma deaths by national income category: current status and future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17 (18) 6900
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Borrelli E, Babcock Z, Kogut S. Costs of medical care for mesothelioma. Rare Tumors 2019; 11: 2036361319863498
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Watterson A, Gorman T, Malcolm C, Robinson M, Beck M. The economic costs of health service treatments for asbestos-related mesothelioma deaths. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1076: 871-881
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Tompa E, Kalcevich C, McLeod C. et al. The economic burden of lung cancer and mesothelioma due to occupational and para-occupational asbestos exposure. Occup Environ Med 2017; 74 (11) 816-822
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, Ball Jr WC. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77 (04) 507-513
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Pocock SJ, Wang D, Pfeffer MA. et al. Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2006; 27 (01) 65-75
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Morales-Rull JL, Bielsa S, Conde-Martel A. et al; RICA Investigators group. Pleural effusions in acute decompensated heart failure: prevalence and prognostic implications. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 52: 49-53
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Kataoka H, Takada S. The role of thoracic ultrasonography for evaluation of patients with decompensated chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35 (06) 1638-1646
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Ercan S, Davutoglu V, Altunbas G. et al. Prognostic role of incidental pleural effusion diagnosed during echocardiographic evaluation. Clin Cardiol 2014; 37 (02) 115-118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Devroey D, Van Casteren V. Symptoms and clinical signs associated with hospital admission and mortality for heart failure. Cent Eur J Public Health 2010; 18 (04) 209-214
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Shetty S, Malik AH, Aronow WS, Alvarez P, Briasoulis A. Outcomes of thoracentesis for acute heart failure in hospitals. Am J Cardiol 2020; 125 (12) 1863-1869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Bramley K, DeBiasi E, Puchalski J. Indwelling pleural catheter placement for nonmalignant pleural effusions. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 39 (06) 713-719
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Cheemerla S, Balakrishnan M. Global epidemiology of chronic liver disease. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 17 (05) 365-370
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Badillo R, Rockey DC. Hepatic hydrothorax: clinical features, management, and outcomes in 77 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93 (03) 135-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Castellote J, Gornals J, Lopez C, Xiol X. Acute tension hydrothorax: a life-threatening complication of cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34 (05) 588-589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Shojaee S, Khalid M, Kallingal G, Kang L, Rahman N. Repeat thoracentesis in hepatic hydrothorax and non-hepatic hydrothorax effusions: a case-control study. Respiration 2018; 96 (04) 330-337
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Kniese C, Diab K, Ghabril M, Bosslet G. Indwelling pleural catheters in hepatic hydrothorax: a single-center series of outcomes and complications. Chest 2019; 155 (02) 307-314
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Shojaee S, Rahman N, Haas K. et al. Indwelling tunneled pleural catheters for refractory hepatic hydrothorax in patients with cirrhosis: a multicenter study. Chest 2019; 155 (03) 546-553
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Chen A, Massoni J, Jung D, Crippin J. Indwelling tunneled pleural catheters for the management of hepatic hydrothorax. a pilot study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13 (06) 862-866
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Hsu S-L, Tseng C-W. Comparison of treatment of hepatic hydrothorax with catheter drainage versus serial thoracentesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2018; 24 (04) 392-397
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Sobotka LA, Spitzer C, Hinton A. et al. Management of hepatic hydrothorax and effect on length of stay, mortality, cost, and 30-day hospital readmission. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35 (04) 641-647
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Jarratt MJ, Sahn SA. Pleural effusions in hospitalized patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Chest 1995; 108 (02) 470-474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Bakirci T, Sasak G, Ozturk S, Akcay S, Sezer S, Haberal M. Pleural effusion in long-term hemodialysis patients. Transplant Proc 2007; 39 (04) 889-891
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Potechin R, Amjadi K, Srour N. Indwelling pleural catheters for pleural effusions associated with end-stage renal disease: a case series. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2015; 9 (01) 22-27
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Light RWMD. Pleural effusions. Med Clin North Am 2011; 95 (06) 1055-1070
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Reddy S, Varaprasad K, Narahari N, Bhaskar K, Varma G, Paramjyothi G. Clinical and etiological profile of an exudative pleural effusion in a tertiary care center. Indian Journal of Respiratory Care 2019; 8: 22-26
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Keane MP, Lynch III JP. Pleuropulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thorax 2000; 55 (02) 159-166
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar