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DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-121964
Radiomics: Big Data statt Biopsie in der Zukunft?
Article in several languages: deutsch | EnglishPublication History
Publication Date:
22 March 2018 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die Präzisionsmedizin wird – auch mit Zunahme gezielter Therapieoptionen durch Biologicals – immer mehr vorangetrieben. Die individuelle Charakterisierung einer Erkrankung auf der Grundlage von Biomarkern im weitesten Sinne ist eine grundlegende Voraussetzung hierfür. Diese Biomarker können bisher klinisch, histologisch oder molekular bestimmt werden. Die Entwicklung breiter Screening Methoden und gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit, große Datenmengen („Omics“ ) mit geeigneter Software immer besser zu analysieren, führen dazu, dass man sich nicht nur auf einzelne Biomarker beschränkt, sondern Biomarker-Signaturen darstellen kann. Die „Radiomics” finden neben „Genomics“, „Proteomics“ oder „Metabolomics” in den letzten Jahren zunehmendes Interesse und erweitern das Biomarkerfeld. Basierend auf radiologischen Bildern werden eine Vielzahl von Merkmalen mithilfe spezifischer Algorithmen extrahiert. Diese Merkmale werden mit klinischen, (immun-) histopathologischen und genomischen Daten korreliert. Erfasste Strukturunterschiede sind Bestandteil der den Bildern zugrundeliegenden unbearbeiteten Metadaten. Diese sind für das bloße Auge oft nicht sichtbar und insofern ohne spezifische Software für den Untersucher nicht zu erfassen. Sie lassen sich aber numerisch abbilden und grafisch visualisieren. Ein besonderer Reiz der „Radiomics“ ist, dass bereits routinemäßig durchgeführte Bildgebungen einen Biomarker-Charakter zeigen. Dieser hat das Potenzial, Zusatzuntersuchungen oder Biopsien idealerweise durch eine „Radiomics“ Analyse zu ersetzen. Alternativ könnten „Radiomics“-Signaturen andere Biomarker suffizient ergänzen und hierdurch eine präzisere, multimodale Aussage ermöglichen. Bisher finden Radiomics vor allem in der Onkologie solider Tumore Anwendung. Auch bei Kopf-Hals-Karzinomen wurden bereits erste vielversprechende Untersuchungen veröffentlicht.
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