„Vom Leben geschlagen“ – Validierung der deutschen Version der Defeat Scale (DS-d)

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung Defeat und Entrapment spielen als transdiagnostisch bedeutsame Faktoren bei der Entstehung von Depression, Angst, Traumafolgestörungen und Suizidalität eine Rolle. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, erstmals eine deutsche Version der Defeat-Scale (DS-d) zur Messung von Defeat vorzustellen und erste Validitätsbelege zu präsentieren.

Material und Methoden Es wurden mittels einer Online-Befragung Daten von N=480 Personen erhoben (74% weiblich; M_Alter=28,5, SD_Alter=11,1, Range: 18–80 Jahre); 14,2% der Teilnehmer gaben an, derzeit psychisch erkrankt zu sein, 8,5% berichteten von mind. einem Suizidversuch in der Vergangenheit. Alle Teilnehmer füllten die DS-d, die Entrapment Scale, das Rasch-basierte Depressionsscreening, das Depressive Symptoms Inventory – Suicidality Subscale, den Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, den Childhood Trauma Screener und den Fragebogen Generalized Anxiety Disorders 2 aus. Die faktorielle Validität der DS-d wurde mittels einer 1-faktoriellen konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalyse (KFA) überprüft. Zudem wurden die interne Konsistenz, konvergente Validität (Korrelation mit den anderen erhobenen Maßen), und Kriteriumsvalidität (hinsichtlich Suizidalität) ermittelt.

Ergebnisse Nach Zulassen einer Residualkorrelation zwischen 2 invers formulierten Items wurde ein zufriedenstellender Fit zum einfaktoriellen Modell erreicht (RMSEA=0,077, TLI=0,94, NFI=0,93, CFI=0,95; Itemladungen>0,56). Der Summenwert der DS-d korrelierte hoch mit Depression (r=0,87), Entrapment (r=0,83) und Suizidalität (r=0,70), sowie moderat mit den anderen Konstrukten. Personen mit Suizidgedanken und Suizidverhalten in der Vorgeschichte zeigten höhere Defeatwerte als Personen ohne Suizidalität.

Diskussion Die 1-dimensionale Struktur der englischen Version konnte bei der DS-d nach Zulassen einer Residualkorrelation zwischen 2 invers gepolten Items bestätigt werden. Die konvergente Validität der DS-d wird durch die überzeugenden Zusammenhänge mit benachbarten Konstrukten unterstützt. Die Zusammenhänge mit suizidalen Gedanken und Verhalten sprechen für die Kriteriumsvalidität der DS-d. Offen ist, inwieweit Defeat und Entrapment abgrenzbare Konstrukte sind, da sich in Übereinstimmung mit der Literatur ein sehr hoher Zusammenhang zwischen beiden fand.

Schlussfolgerung Es konnte erstmals eine deutsche Version der Defeat Scale vorgestellt werden, die gute psychometrische Eigenschaften hinsichtlich interner Konsistenz und Validität zeigt.

Abstract

Introduction Defeat and entrapment are transdiagnostic constructs that play an important role in the development of depression, anxiety, suicidality and trauma-associated mental disorders. The present study aimed at presenting and validating a first German version of the Defeat-Scale (DS-d).

Material and methods Through a web-based survey, N=480 participants were recruited (74% female; M_Age=28.5, SD_Age=11.1, Range: 18–80 years); 14.2% reported to currently suffer from a mental disorder, 8.5% reported at least one lifetime suicide attempt. All participants filled in the DS-d, the Entrapment Scale, the Rasch-based Depression Screening, the Depressive Symptoms Inventory – Suicidality Subscale, the Suicidal Behavior Questionnaire-Revised, the Childhood Trauma Screener, and the questionnaire Generalized Anxiety Disorders 2. Factorial validity was investigated through a unidimensional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Moreover, internal consistency, convergent validity (correlations with the other measured constructs) and criterion validity (suicidality) were examined.

Results One residual correlation between 2 items that are inversely coded had to be allowed to reach a satisfying fit to the unidimensional model (RMSEA=0.077, TLI=0.94, NFI=0.93, CFI=0.95; item loadings>0.56). The DS-d-sumscore correlated highly with depression (r=0.87), Entrapment (r=0.83) and suicidality (r=0.70), and moderately with the other constructs. Participants with suicidal thoughts or behavior in the past showed higher DS-d-scores than participants without suicidality.

Discussion The unidimensional structure of the English version could be confirmed in the DS-d – after allowing for a residual correlation between two inversely coded items. Correlations with the other measured constructs give support for the validity of the DS-d. Criterion validity of the instrument is supported by its relations to suicidality. It remains open whether defeat and entrapment are 2 distinct constructs. In the current study – in accordance with the literature – both showed a very high intercorrelation.

Conclusion This study reports on the validation of a German version of the Defeat-Scale (DS-d) for the first time that shows good psychometric characteristics in terms of internal consistency and validity.

Schlüsselwörter

Defeat - Validierung - Suizidalität - Defeat Scale - Faktorenanalyse

Key words

defeat - suicidality - defeat scale - validation - factor analysis

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