Gesundheitsökonomie & Qualitätsmanagement 2017; 22(S 01): S23-S29
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-120488
Original article
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Economic Evaluation of Minor Ailment Schemes (MAS) in the UK

Peter Schneider
1   Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG, Austrian Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
,
Anna-Theresa Renner
1   Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG, Austrian Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
2   Department of Health Economics and Policy (HEP), Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (WU Wien, Vienna University of Economics and Business)
,
Julia Bobek
2   Department of Health Economics and Policy (HEP), Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (WU Wien, Vienna University of Economics and Business)
,
Sabine Vogler
1   Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG, Austrian Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
,
Herwig Ostermann
1   Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG, Austrian Public Health Institute), Vienna, Austria
3   Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology (UMIT), Hall/Tyrol, Austria
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
17 January 2017 (online)

Abstract

Objective Self-care is considered as a possibility to empower patients and to achieve possibly efficiency gains. However, there is a lack of evidence whether, or not, self-care initiatives can contribute to achieve efficiency gains. The aim of this research is to perform an economic evaluation of the Minor Ailment Schemes (MAS), a self-care initiative in the UK.

Methods To assess potential savings of the MAS through an economic evaluation we surveyed medical and non-medical costs and benefits under three different scenarios (GP consultation, self-care with medication, self-care with home remedies). We applied this framework to evaluate the effects of the MAS with regard to the treatment of five common minor ailments (Athlete’s foot, cold, cough, heartburn and lower urinary tract infection) from four different perspectives (patient, payer, provider and society).

Results The evaluation shows that patients would be better off shifting to utilisation of MAS, particularly patients who pay prescription charges. From the pharmacists’ perspective MAS could lead to higher costs due to continuous training and a more time needed for consultation. The results from the physicians’ perspective were mixed depending on the payment mechanism and on the alternatives physicians used out of the freed resources. From a societal perspective, a positive net welfare impact will only be achieved if more than a fourth of the patients with minor ailments use the MAS.

Conclusion MAS may have the potential to achieve positive net societal benefits and can have a role to play in the optimisation of health care systems. However, it needs to be considered that MAS may lead to negative net benefits for some stakeholders. Furthermore, MAS are embedded in the UK health care setting and its effects are determined by internal factors (e. g. “self-care culture”) and external factors (e. g. pharmaceutical policies). It is thus recommended carrying out a thorough analysis of the health care setting to which the self-care initiative is planned to be transferred.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund Selbstbehandlung („Self Care“) soll dazu beitragen Patientinnen/Patienten verstärkt an der eigenen Gesundheitsbehandlung zu beteiligen und damit auch die Versorgungseffizienz zu steigern. Allerdings liegt kaum Evidenz zum vermuteten Mehrwert von Selbstbehandlungs-Maßnahmen bei minderschweren Beschwerden vor. Diese Studie führte daher eine ökonomische Evaluierung der „Minor Ailments Schemes (MAS)“, die auf einer Initiative zur Förderung der Selbsthandlung in Großbritannien basieren, durch.

Methodik Das Autorenteam erhob direkte medizinische und nicht medizinische Kosten für Leistungen des Gesundheitssystems und ermittelte damit Einsparpotenziale in drei angenommene Szenarien (1) Hausarzt-Konsultation, (2) Selbstbehandlung mit Medikamenten, (3) Selbstbehandlung mit Hausmitteln, die keine Medikamente sind. Die Kosten wurden für die Behandlung fünf häufiger und minderschwerer Beschwerden (Fußpilz, Erkältung, Husten, Sodbrennen, unkomplizierter Harnwegsinfekt) eingesetzt und Auswirkungen aus vier unterschiedlichen Perspektiven (Patientin/Patient, Leistungsanbieter, öffentliche Zahler und Gesellschaft) bewertet.

Ergebnisse Patientinnen/Patienten, die nicht von den Rezeptgebühren befreit sind, profitieren in größerem Ausmaß von MAS als von der Rezeptgebühr befreite Personen. Apotheker/innen müssen mit erhöhten Kosten rechnen, da vermehrt Schulungen erforderlich sind und Beratungszeiten länger werden. Bei Ärztinnen/Ärzten die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich eines möglichen Mehrwerts von MAS weniger eindeutig: Fällt die Erstattung für ärztliche Leistungen nicht vollständig weg und können die freigewordenen Ressourcen (Verzicht auf Hausarzt-Konsultation der Person mit minderschweren Beschwerden) für andere Leistungen genutzt werden, ist Mehrwert gegeben. Gesellschaftlich wirken MAS erst wohlfahrtssteigend, wenn mindestens ein Viertel aller Patientinnen/Patienten mit minderschweren Beschwerden MAS in Anspruch nimmt.

Schlussfolgerung MAS können aus gesellschaftlicher Perspektive zu einem positiven Nettonutzen führen und wesentlich zur Optimierung eines Gesundheitssystems beitragen. Für manche Akteure im Gesundheitswesen ist die Einführung von MAS mit einem negativen Nettonutzen verbunden. Jedenfalls ist MAS als Leistung des britischen Gesundheitssystems in dessen Kontext und mit seinen Systemcharakteristika (z. B. in Bezug auf die Arzneimittelpolitik) zu betrachten – in Großbritannien wird Selbstbehandlung sehr gefördert, was zu einem anderen Verständnis der Bevölkerung beiträgt. Um Modelle wie MAS erfolgreich in Gesundheitssystemen anderer Länder einzuführen, empfiehlt sich die Analyse von Akteuren und Umweltfaktoren des jeweiligen Systems.

 
  • References

  • 1 Yiangou G. Valuing self-care. SelfCare Journal 2011; 2 (02) 41-54
  • 2 World Health Organization. Alma Ata Declaration. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978
  • 3 World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Ottawa: First International Conference on Health Promotion; 1986
  • 4 World Self-Medication Industry. The story of self-care and self-medication – 40 years of progress, 1970–2010. Ferney-Voltaire; 2010
  • 5 Kickbusch I. Self-care in health promotion. Social Science & Medicine 1989; 29 (02) 125-130
  • 6 World Health Organization. The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health Care System. Geneva: 1994
  • 7 Mossialos E. Naci H. Courtin E. Expanding the role of community pharmacists: policymaking in the absence of policy-relevant evidence?. Health Policy 2013; 111 (02) 135-148
  • 8 Nkansah N. Mostovetsky O. Yu C. et al. Effect of outpatient pharmacists’ non-dispensing roles on patient outcomes and prescribing patterns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 7 CD000336 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000336.pub2.
  • 9 Ellitt GR. Joanne EB. Asiani P. et al. Quality patient care and pharmacists’ role in its continuity—a systematic review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2009; 43 (04) 677-691
  • 10 Taylor K. Paternalism, participation and partnership—the evolution of patient centeredness in the consultation. Patient education and counseling 2009; 74 (02) 150-155
  • 11 World Health Organization. Priorities for health systems strengthening in the WHO European Region 2015–2020: walking the talk on people centredness. 2015
  • 12 Welle-Nilsen LK. Morken T. Hunskaar S. et al. Minor ailments in out-of-hours primary care: An observational study. Scandinavian journal of primary health care 2011; 29 (01) 39-44
  • 13 Farnfield G. Partial Impact Assessment of proposals to expand the provision of minor ailment services. In: (MPI) DoH-MPai, editor. 2008
  • 14 Bramley TJ. Lerner D. Sarnes M. Productivity losses related to the common cold. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2002; 44 (09) 822-829
  • 15 Bojke C. Gravelle H. Hassell K. et al. Increasing patient choice in primary care: the management of minor ailments. Health Economics 2004; 13 (01) 73-86
  • 16 Pharmcy C. Minor Ailment Services (MAS) – Pharmaceutical Care for common, self-limiting conditions. 2016 Available from: http://www.communitypharmacy.scot.nhs.uk/core_services/mas.html
  • 17 NHS. Pharmacy in the Future–implementing the NHS Plan. A programme for pharmacy in the National Health Service. 2000
  • 18 National Prescribing Centre. Community pharmacy minor ailment scheme. MeReC Briefing. 27. 1-8 Available from: http://www.npc.co.uk/MeReC_Briefings/2004/briefing_no_27.pdf_2004
  • 19 National Public Health Service for Wales. Rapid review of the evidence on the effectiveness of community pharmacy minor ailment schemes. 2007
  • 20 Taylor R. Drummond M. Salkeld G. et al. Inclusion of cost effectiveness in licensing requirements of new drugs: the fourth hurdle. BMJ 2004; 329: 972-975
  • 21 Cohen J. Stolk E. Niezen M. The increasingly complex fourth hurdle for pharmaceuticals. Pharmacoeconomics 2007; 25 (09) 727-734
  • 22 Warsi A. Wang PS. LaValley MP. et al. Self-management education programs in chronic disease: a systematic review and methodological critique of the literature. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004; 164 (15) 1641-1649
  • 23 Greaves CJ. Campbell JL. Supporting self-care in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 2007; 57 (543) 814-821
  • 24 Kennedy A. Reeves D. Bower P. et al. The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a national lay-led self care support programme for patients with long-term conditions: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2007; 61 (03) 254-261
  • 25 Barlow J. Wright C. Sheasby J. et al. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient education and counseling 2002; 48 (02) 177-187
  • 26 Drummond MF. Sculpher MJ. Claxton K. et al. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press; 2015
  • 27 Ostermann H. Renner AT. Bobek J. et al. A cost/benefit analysis of self-care systems in the European Union. Commission E. Brussels: European Commission; 2014
  • 28 Levy S. Changes in real earnings in the UK and London, 2002 to 2012. London: Office for National Statistics/Work and Pensions; 2013
  • 29 Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (Austrian Health Institute). Pharma Price Information (PPI) service. Further information available from: www.goeg.at/en/PPI Vienna:
  • 30 Department of Health. NHS charges from April 2014. 2014 2014.
  • 31 Paudyal V. Watson MC. Sach T. et al. Are pharmacy-based minor ailment schemes a substitute for other service providers?. Br J Gen Pract 2013; 63 (612) e472-e481
  • 32 White A. South J. Bagnall AM. et al. The self-care for people initiative: the outcome evaluation. Primary health care research & development 2012; 13 (04) 382-394
  • 33 Department of Health. Departmental Report 2007. London: 2007
  • 34 Curtis LA. Unit costs of health and social care 2008. 2008