Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-118763
Moderne Schwindeldiagnostik
Current Diagnostic Procedures for Diagnosing Vertigo and DizzinessPublication History
Publication Date:
12 May 2017 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/lro/2017S01/lookinside/thumbnails/2306241_10-1055-s-0042-118763-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
„Schwindel“ ist ein vieldeutiges Syndrom, mit dem der HNO-Arzt täglich konfrontiert wird. Im Hinblick auf die komplexen Funktionen des Orientierungssinnes bezeichnet man „Schwindel“ heute als Orientierungsstörung, eine gestörte Wahrnehmung des Körpers im Raum. Neben den häufigen klassischen Schwindelsyndromen (z. B. Lagerungsschwindel, Neuritis vestibularis, Morbus Menière), bei dem „Schwindel“ das Leitsymptom darstellt, tritt „Schwindel“ als Haupt- oder Begleitsymptom bei einer Vielzahl von HNO-Erkrankungen mit Beteiligung des Innenohres auf. Das betrifft z. B. akute oder chronische virale oder bakteriell bedingte Infektionen des Ohres mit seröser oder bakterieller Labyrinthitis, verletzungsbedingten Störungen (z. B. Barotrauma, Otobasisfraktur, Labyrinthkontusion), chronisch-entzündliche Knochenprozesse sowie Innenohraffektionen im perioperativen Verlauf. Schwindeldiagnostik hat in den letzten Jahren durch neue diagnostische Möglichkeiten einen Paradigmenwechsel erfahren. In der Notfalldiagnostik lassen sich periphere und zentrale Störungen bei „Schwindel“ (akutes vestibuläres Syndrom) mit einfachen Algorithmen differenzieren. Die Einführung moderner vestibulärer Testverfahren (Videokopfimpulstest, vestibulär evozierte myogene Potenziale) in die klinische Praxis hat zu neuen Diagnosemöglichkeiten geführt. Das erlaubt erstmals eine komplexe objektive Beurteilung aller Anteile des Gleichgewichtsorgans mit relativ geringem Aufwand. Gemeinsam mit etablierten Methoden ist eine frequenzspezifische Beurteilung der Funktionen vestibulärer Reflexe möglich. Mithilfe neuer Klassifikationen lassen sich Schwindelsyndrome klinisch besser einordnen. Moderne radiologische Verfahren, wie z. B. die intratympanale Gadoliniumapplikation beim Morbus Menière mit Visualisierung eines endolymphatischen Hydrops, beeinflussen ebenfalls die bisherigen medizinischen Standards. Moderne Methoden haben wesentlich dazu beigetragen, dass sich „Schwindel“ vor allem in der HNO-Heilkunde heute besser und zügiger abklären lässt.
Abstract
Modern diagnostic methods such as video head impulse test and cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials allow to measure canal and otolith function quantitatively and objectively. These methods contribute to a complex assessment of the functional integrity of all 5 sensory elements of the vestibular organ for the first time. Moreover, in combination with additional vestibular tests frequency specific and time depended changes of impairments of vestibular sensors and their pathways can be assessed. Over the past few years, new test methods have been established step by step in daily clinical diagnostic of vertigo and dizziness in acute vestibular syndrome and chronic complaints. Modern tests and concepts caused a paradigm shift in vestibular diagnostic. New classifications of vestibular disorders and algorithms provide a high diagnostic certainity and reliability although evidence-based investigations of diagnostic procedures are still missing.
-
Literatur
- 1 Walther LE. Wiederherstellende Verfahren bei gestörtem Gleichgewicht. Laryngorhinootologie 2005; 84 (Suppl. 01) 70-91
- 2 Brandt T, Dieterich M, Strupp M. (Hrsg.) Vertigo-Leitsymptom Schwindel. 2. Aufl 2013. Springer; Heidelberg:
- 3 Strupp M, Dieterich M, Zwergal A. et al. Periphere, zentrale und funktionelle Schwindelsyndrome. Der Nervenarzt 2015; 86: 1573-1587
- 4 Walther LE. Dizziness and vertigo in older individuals. MMW Fortschr Med 2014; 156: 48-52
- 5 Walther LE, Kleeberg J, Rejmanowski G. et al. Falls and fall risk factors. Are they relevant in ENT outpatient medical care?. HNO 2012; 60: 448-456
- 6 Hegemann SCA, Palla A. New methods for diagnosis and treatment of vestibular diseases. F1000 Medicine Reports 2010; 2: 60
- 7 Strupp M. Challenges in neuro-otology. Front Neurol 2010; 11: 121
- 8 Straumann D, Müri RM, Hess K. Neurootologie und Neuroopthalmologie. In: Hess K, Steck AJ. Kompendium der Neurologie. 2002. Hans Huber; Verlag: 355-372
- 9 Brandt T, Dieterich M. Vestibular paroxysmia: vascular compression of the eighth nerve?. Lancet 1994; 343: 798-799
- 10 Straumann D, Zee DS. Three-dimensional aspects of eye movements. Curr Opin Neurol 1995; 69-71
- 11 Brandt T, Dieterich M. Phobischer Attacken-Schwankschwindel, ein neues Syndrom. Münch Med Wochenschr 1996; 128: 247-250
- 12 Brandt T. Phobic postural vertigo. Neurology 1996; 46: 1515-1519
- 13 Lempert T, Tiel-Wilck K. A positional maneuver for treatment of horizontal-canal benign positional vertigo. Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 476-478
- 14 Fetter M, Dichgans J. Vestibular neuritis spares the inferior division of the vestibular nerve. Brain 1996; 119: 755-763
- 15 Minor LB, Solomon D, Zinreich JS. et al. Sound- and/or pressure-induced vertigo due to bone dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 124: 249-258
- 16 Dieterich M, Brandt T. Episodic vertigo related to migraine. J Neurol 1999; 246: 883-892
- 17 Lempert T, Leopold M, von Brevern M, Neuhauser H. Migraine and benign positional vertigo. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109: 1176
- 18 Halmagyi GM, Aw ST, Cremer PD, Curthoys IS, Todd MJ. Impulsive testing of individual semicircular canal function. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 942: 192-200
- 19 Aw ST, Fetter M, Cremer PD. et al. Individual semicircular canal function in superior and inferior vestibular neuritis. Neurology 2001; 57: 768-774
- 20 Neuhauser H, Leopold M. von Brevern et al. The interrelations of migraine, vertigo and migrainous vertigo. Neurology 2001; 56: 436-441
- 21 Blödow A, Helbig R, Bloching M. et al. Isolated functional loss of the lateral semicircular canal in vestibular neuritis. HNO 2013; 61: 46-51
- 22 Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS. A clinical sign of canal paresis. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 737-739
- 23 Colebatch JG, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular evoked potentials in human neck muscles before and after unilateral vestibular deafferentation. 1992; 42: 1635-1636
- 24 Todd NP, Curthoys IS, Aw ST. et al. Vestibular evoked ocular responses to air- (AC) and bone-conducted (BC) sound I: eye movements and timing in relation to vestibular evoked peri-ocular potentials (VEPP). J Vestib Res 2004; 14: 123-124
- 25 Todd NP, Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG. Vestibular evoked ocular responses to air-(AC) and bone-conducted (BC) sound II: a neuroanatomical and physiological interpretation of AC-OVEMPs. J Vestib Res 2004; 14: 215-216
- 26 Ulmer E, Chays A. (2005) Curthoys and Halmagyi Head Impulse test: an analytical device. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 2005; 122: 84-90
- 27 Bartl K, Lehnen N, Kohlbecher S, Schneider E. Head impulse testing using video-oculography. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1164: 331-333
- 28 Schneider E, Villgrattner T, Vockeroth J. et al. EyeSeeCam: an eye movement-driven head camera for the examination of natural visual exploration. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1164: 461-467
- 29 Weber KP, MacDougall HG, Halmagyi GM. et al. Impulsive testing of semicircular-canal function using video-oculography. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009; 1164: 486-491
- 30 MacDougall HG, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Weber KP. The video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) detects vertical semicircular canal dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 22: e61488
- 31 MacDougall HG, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS, Weber KP. Application of the video head impulse test to detect vertical semicircular canal dysfunction. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34: 974-979
- 32 Vital D, Hegemann SC, Straumann D. et al. A new dynamic visual acuity test to assess peripheral vestibular function. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 686-691
- 33 Rosengren SM, Welgampola MS, Colebatch JG. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: past, present and future. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121: 636-651
- 34 Welgampola MS, Colebatch JG. Characteristics and clinical applications of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials. Neurology 2005; 24: 1682-1688
- 35 Curthoys IS. A critical review of the neurophysiological evidence underlying clinical vestibular testing using sound, vibration and galvanic stimuli. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010; 121: 132-144
- 36 Machner B, Gottschalk S, Sander T. et al. Intralabyrinthine schwannoma affecting the low but not high frequency function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex: implications for the clinical diagnosis of chronic peripheral vestibular deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 772-774
- 37 Walther LE. Application of the new diagnostic tests for vertigo. Differentiated analysis of vestibular function. HNO 2013; 61: 730-737
- 38 Walther LE, Hörmann K, Bloching M. et al. Receptor function of the semicircular canals: Part 1: anatomy, physiology, diagnosis and normal findings. HNO 2012; 60: 75-87
- 39 Blödow A, Bloching M, Hörmann K. et al. Receptor function of the semicircular canals. Part 2: pathophysiology, diseases, clinical findings and treatment aspects. HNO 2012; 60: 249-259
- 40 Harvey SA, Wood DJ, Feroah TR. Relationship of the head impulse test and head-shake nystagmus in reference to caloric testing. Am J Otol 1997; 18: 207-213
- 41 Perez N, Rama-Lopez J. Head-impulse and caloric tests in patients with dizziness. Otol Neurotol 2003; 24: 913-917
- 42 Walther LE, Schaaf H, Sommer D. et al. Air conducted ocular VEMP: I. Determination of a method and application in normal patients. Laryngorhinootologie 2011; 90: 410-415
- 43 Walther LE, Schaaf H, Sommer D. et al. Air conducted ocular VEMP: II. First clinical investigations. Laryngorhinootologie 2011; 90: 596-603
- 44 Walther LE, Hörmann K, Pfaar O. Recording cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: part 1: anatomy, physiology, methods and normal findings. HNO 2010; 58: 1031-1045
- 45 Walther LE, Hörmann K, Pfaar O. Recording cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Part 2: influencing factors, evaluation of findings and clinical significance. HNO 2010; 58: 1129-1142
- 46 Cnyrim CD, Newman-Toker DE, Karch C. et al. Bedside differentiation of vestibular neuritis from central “vestibular pseudoneuritis”. Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79: 458-460
- 47 Newman-Toker DE, Kattah JC, Alvernia JE. et al. Normal head impulse test differentiates acute cerebellar strokes from vestibular neuritis. Neurology 2008; 70: 2378-2385
- 48 Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ. et al. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke 2009; 40: 3504-3510
- 49 Brandt T, Strupp M, Dieterich M. Five keys for diagnosing most vertigo, dizziness, and imbalance syndromes: an expert opinion. J Neurol 2014; 261: 229-231
- 50 Walther LE, Huelse R, Blättner K. et al. Dynamic change of VOR and otolith function in intratympanic gentamicin treatment for Ménière's Disease: Case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2013; 168391
- 51 Welgampola MS, Myrie OA, Minor LB. et al. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential thresholds normalize on plugging superior canal dehiscence. Neurology 2008; 70: 464-472
- 52 Rinaldi V, Portmann D. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials after superior semicircular canal obliteration. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 2011; 132: 85-87
- 53 Singbartl F, Basta D, Seidl RO. et al. Perioperative recordings of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in otosclerosis. Otol Neurotol 2006; 27: 1070-1073
- 54 Ernst A, Todt I, Seidl RO. et al. The application of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in otoneurosurgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006; 135: 286-290
- 55 Walther LE, Hülse R, Blödow A. Dizziness from the viewpoint of otorhinolaryngology. Ophthalmologe 2013; 110: 16-25
- 56 Walther LE, Brusis T. From the expert's office: Current diagnosis and assessment of vestibular receptor function. Laryngorhinootologie 2013; 92: 189-192
- 57 Brandt T, Strupp M. General vestibular testing. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 406-426
- 58 Straumann D, Müri RM, Hess K. Neurootologie und Neuroopthalmologie. In: Hess K, Steck AJ. Kompendium der Neurologie. 2002. Hans Huber; Verlag: 355-372
- 59 Strupp M, Dieterich M, Zwergal A. et al. T. Diagnosis and treatment options in vertigo syndromes. Nervenarzt 2015; 86: 1277-1290
- 60 Strupp M, Muth C, Böttcher N. Leitsymptom Schwindel aus Sicht des Neurologen. HNO 2013; 61: 762-771
- 61 Eckhardt-Henn A, Hoffmann SO, Tettenborn B. et al. Phobischer Schwankschwindel. Eine weitere Differenzierung psychogener Schwindelzustände erscheint erforderlich. Nervernarzt 1997; 68: 806-812
- 62 Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Which comes first? Psychogenic dizziness versus otogenic anxiety. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1714-1718
- 63 Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Chronic dizziness and anxiety: effect of course of illness on treatment outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005; 131: 675-659
- 64 Staab JP. Chronic subjective dizziness. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2012 18: 1118-1141
- 65 Brandt T, Huppert D, Strupp M. et al. Dieterich M. Functional dizziness: diagnostic keys and differential diagnosis. J Neurol 2015; 262: 1977-1980
- 66 Walther LE, Beleites E. Schwindeldiagnostik. Ärztebl Thüring 1999; 10: 549-554
- 67 Franko Zeitz P, Hegemann S. The eye, vision and vertigo. HNO 2013; 61: 772-776
- 68 Brandt T, Huppert D. A new type of cervical vertigo: Head motion-induced spells in acute neck pain. Neurology 2016; 86: 974-975
- 69 Scherer H. Das Gleichgewicht. Berlin: Springer; 1997
- 70 Biesinger E. Der so genannte zervikale Schwindel. In: Iro H, Biesinger E, Iro H. Schwindel. Springer; 2007: 212-130
- 71 Walther LE. Anamnese bei Schwindel. In: Iro H, Biesinger E, Iro H. Schwindel. Springer; 2007: 59-76
- 72 Strupp M, Magnusson M. Acute Unilateral Vestibulopathy. Neurol Clin 2015; 33: 669-685
- 73 Jahn K, Kressig RW, Bridenbaugh SA. et al. Dizziness and unstable gait in old age: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015; 112: 387-393
- 74 Jahn K, Heinze C, Selge C. et al. Gait disorders in geriatric patients. Classification and therapy. Nervenarzt 2015; 86: 431-439
- 75 Govender S, Dennis DL, Colebatch JG. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) evoked by air- and bone-conducted stimuli in vestibular neuritis. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126: 2004-2013
- 76 Welgampola MS, Carey JP. Waiting for the evidence: VEMP testing and the ability to differentiate utricular versus saccular function. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010; 143: 281-283
- 77 Xie SJ. Comment on: "Dissociation between cVEMP and oVEMP responses: different vestibular origins of each VEMP?". Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 268: 155
- 78 Manzari L, Burgess AM, Curthoys IS. Dissociation between cVEMP and oVEMP responses: different vestibular origins of each VEMP?. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 267: 1487-1489
- 79 Curthoys IS. A "convenient" label causes confusion and controversy. A reply to N. Todd: "the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (OVEMP), ten years old". Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 2446-2448
- 80 Ferrè ER, Walther LE, Haggard P. Multisensory interactions between vestibular, visual and somatosensory signals. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0124573
- 81 Ferrè ER, Berlot E, Haggard P. Vestibular contributions to a right-hemisphere network for bodily awareness: combining galvanic vestibular stimulation and the "Rubber Hand Illusion". Neuropsychologia 2015; 69: 140-147
- 82 Kaliuzhna M, Vibert D, Grivaz P, Blanke O. Out-of-body experiences and other complex dissociation experiences in a patient with unilateral peripheral vestibular damage and deficient multisensory integration. Multisens Res 2015; 28: 613-635
- 83 Bigelow RT, Agrawal Y. Vestibular involvement in cognition: Visuospatial ability, attention, executive function, and memory. J Vestib Res 2015; 25: 73-89
- 84 Brandt T, Strupp M, Dieterich M. Towards a concept of disorders of "higher vestibular function". Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8: 47
- 85 von Brevern M, Bertholon P, Brandt T. et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: Diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 2015; 25: 105-117
- 86 Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung WH. Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease. J Vestib Res 2015; 25: 1-7
- 87 Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung WH. Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease. Consensus document of the Bárány Society, the Japan Society for Equilibrium Research, the European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (EAONO), the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the Korean Balance Society. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2016; 67: 1-7
- 88 Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J. et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 2012; 22: 167-172
- 89 Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy in Méniére’s disease. American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Foundation Inc. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 113: 181-185
- 90 Plontke SK, Gürkov R. Menière's disease. Laryngorhinootologie 2015; 94: 530-554
- 91 Bisdorff AR, Staab JP, Newman-Toker DE. Overview of the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders. Neurol Clin 2015; 3: 541-550
- 92 Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. 4. überarbeitete Auflage Thieme; Stuttgart: 2008. S. 654 ff, ISBN 978-3-13-132414-6
- 93 http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/anmeldung/1/ll/017-078.html
- 94 Plontke SK, Walther LE. Differential diagnosis "vertigo and dizziness". Laryngorhinootologie 2014; 93: 543-569
- 95 Fangerau H, Martin M. Medizinische Diagnostik und das Problem der Darstellung: Methoden der Evidenzerzeugung. Angewandte Philosophie 2015; 2: 38-68
- 96 Eggers SD, Neff BA, Shepard NT. et al. Comorbidities in vestibular migraine. Vestib Res 2014; 24: 387-395
- 97 Faralli M, Cipriani L, Del Zompo MR. et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and migraine: analysis of 186 cases. B-ENT 2014; 10: 133-139
- 98 Lahmann C, Henningsen P, Brandt T. et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial impairment among patients with vertigo and dizziness. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86: 302-308
- 99 Neff BA, Staab JP, Eggers SD. et al. Auditory and vestibular symptoms and chronic subjective dizziness in patients with Ménière's disease, vestibular migraine, and Ménière's disease with concomitant vestibular migraine. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33: 1235-1244
- 100 Best C, Eckhardt-Henn A, Tschan R. et al. Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in different vestibular vertigo syndromes. Results of a prospective longitudinal study over one year. J Neurol 2009; 256: 58-65
- 101 Walther LE, Nikolaus T, Schaaf H. et al. Vertigo and falls in the elderly: Part 2: Fall diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapy. HNO 2008; 56: 927-936
- 102 Walther LE, Nikolaus T, Schaaf H. et al. Vertigo and falls in the elderly. Part 1: epidemiology, pathophysiology, vestibular diagnostics and risk of falling. HNO 2008; 56: 833-841
- 103 Walther LE. Schwindel, Gleichgewichtsstörungen und Stürze im höheren Lebensalter. In: Iro H, Waldfahrer F. (Hrsg.) Vertigo – Kontroverses und Bewährtes. 8. Hennig Symposium. Springer; 149-165 Wien:
- 104 Harun A, Agrawal Y. The use of fall risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) in patients with dizziness presenting to a neurotology clinic. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: 862-864
- 105 http://www.priscus.net
- 106 Kurre A, van Gool CJ, Bastianen CH. et al. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the German version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory. Otol Neurotol 2009; 30: 359-367
- 107 Volz-Sidiropoulou E, Takahama J, Gauggel S. et al. The “Dizziness Handicap Inventory”: initial psychometric evaluation of the german version. Laryngorhinootologie 2010; 89: 418-423
- 108 Schmal F, Stoll W. Diagnosis and management of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Laryngorhinootologie 2002; 81: 368-380
- 109 Bhattacharyya N, Baugh RF, Orvidas L. et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 139: 47-81
- 110 Fife TD, Iverson DJ, Lempert T. Practice parameter: therapies for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008; 27: 2067-2074
- 111 von Brevern M, Seelig T, Neuhauser H. et al. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo predominantly affects the right labyrinth. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1487-1488
- 112 Büki B, Simon L, Garab S. et al. Sitting-up vertigo and trunk retropulsion in patients with benign positional vertigo but without positional nystagmus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82: 98-104
- 113 Büttner U, Helmchen C, Brandt T. Diagnostic criteria for central versus peripheral positioning nystagmus and vertigo: a review. Acta Otolaryngol 1999; 119: 1-5
- 114 Strupp M, Walther LE, Eckhardt-Henn A. et al. Diagnosis of vertigo: keep an eye on central eye movement disorders. Ophthalmologe 2013; 110: 31-38
- 115 Strupp M, Hüfner K, Sandmann R. et al. Central oculomotor disturbances and nystagmus: a window into the brainstem and cerebellum. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 197-204
- 116 Angeli SI, Velandia S, Snapp H. (2011) Head-shaking nystagmus predicts greater disability in unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32: 522-527
- 117 Choi KD, Kim JS. Head-shaking nystagmus in central vestibulopathies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1164: 338-343
- 118 Mandalà M, Rufa A, Cerase A. et al. Lateral medullary ischemia presenting with persistent hiccups and vertigo. Int J Neurosci 2010; 120: 226-230
- 119 Huh YE, Koo JW, Lee H. et al. Head-shaking aids in the diagnosis of acute audiovestibular loss due to anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction. Audiol Neurootol 2013; 18: 114-124
- 120 Choi JY, Jung I, Jung JM. et al. Characteristics and mechanism of perverted headshaking nystagmus in central lesions: Video-oculography analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 2973-2978
- 121 Kim HA, Yi HA, Lee H. Failure of fixation suppression of spontaneous nystagmus in cerebellar infarction: frequency, pattern, and a possible structure. Cerebellum 2016; 15: 182-189
- 122 Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Eriksson N. et al. Safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke-monitoring study investigators. Multivariable analysis of outcome predictors and adjustment of main outcome results to baseline data profile in randomized controlled trials: Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST). Stroke 2008; 39: 3316-3322
- 123 Newman-Toker DE, Kerber KA, Hsieh YH. et al. HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness. Acad Emerg Med. 2013; 20: 986-996
- 124 Newman-Toker DE, Curthoys IS, Halmagyi GM. Diagnosing Stroke in Acute Vertigo: The HINTS Family of Eye Movement Tests and the Future of the "Eye ECG". Semin Neurol 2015; 35: 506-521
- 125 Ogawa Y, Otsuka K, Hagiwara A. et al. Clinical evaluation of acute phase nystagmus associated with cerebellar lesions. J Laryngol Otol 2016; 130: 536-540
- 126 Choi SY, Kee HJ, Park JH. et al. Combined peripheral and central vestibulopathy. J Vestib Res 2014; 24: 5-6
- 127 Park HK, Kim JS, Strupp M, Zee DS. Isolated floccular infarction: impaired vestibular responses to horizontal head impulse. Neurol 2013; 260: 1576-1582
- 128 Pogson JM, Taylor RL, Young AS. et al. Vertigo with sudden hearing loss: audio-vestibular characteristics. J Neurol 2016; DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8214-0. [in press]
- 129 Kim HA, Yi HA, Lee H. Recent advances in cerebellar ischemic stroke syndromes causing vertigo and hearing loss. Cerebellum 2015; DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0745-x. [in press]
- 130 Kerber KA, Fendrick AM. The evidence base for the evaluation and management of dizziness. J Eval Clin Pract 2010; 16: 186-191
- 131 Kim HJ, Lee SH, Park JH. et al. Isolated vestibular nuclear infarction: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurol 2014; 261: 121-129
- 132 Raphan T, Cohen B. The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions. Exp Brain Res 2002; 145: 1-27
- 133 Herdman SJ. Role of vestibular adaptation in vestibular rehabilitation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998; 119: 49-54
- 134 MacDougall HG, Weber KP, McGarvie LA. et al. The video head impulse test: diagnostic accuracy in peripheral vestibulopathy. Neurology 2009; 73: 1134-1141
- 135 Walther LE. Der Videokopfimpulstest. In: Ernst A, Basta D. Vertigo-Neue Horizonte in Diagnostik und Therapie. 2012: 117-127 Springer;
- 136 Lehnen N, Bartl K, Kohlbecher S. et al. HITs for kids: The video-based head-impulse test in children and adolescents. In: Bárány Society XXVI International Congress. J Vestib Res 2010; 20: 313
- 137 Schubert MC, Mantokoudis G, Xie L. et al. Acute VOR gain differences for outward vs. inward head impulses. J Vestib Res 2014; 24: 397-402
- 138 Nyström A, Tjernström F, Magnusson M. Outward versus inward head thrusts with video-head impulse testing in normal subjects: does it matter?. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: e87-e94
- 139 Patterson JN, Bassett AM, Mollak CM. et al. Effects of hand placement technique on the video head impulse test (vHIT) in younger and older adults. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: 1061-1068
- 140 Tarnutzer AA, Bockisch CJ, Buffone E. et al. Disease-specific sparing of the anterior semicircular canals in bilateral vestibulopathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 2791-2801
- 141 Walther LE, Blödow A. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential to air conducted sound stimulation and video head impulse test in acute vestibular neuritis. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34: 1084-1089
- 142 Alhabib SF, Saliba I. Video head impulse test: a review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4157-4.
- 143 Blödow A, Pannasch S, Walther LE. Detection of isolated covert saccades with the video head impulse test in peripheral vestibular disorders. Auris Nasus Larynx 2013; 40: 348-351
- 144 Weber KP, Aw ST, Todd MJ. et al. Head impulse test in unilateral vestibular loss: vestibulo-ocular reflex and catch-up saccades. Neurology 2008; 70: 454-463
- 145 Mossman B, Mossman S, Purdie G. et al. Age dependent normal horizontal VOR gain of head impulse test as measured with video-oculography. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 44: 29
- 146 Anson ER, Bigelow RT, Carey JP. et al. VOR gain is related to compensatory saccades in healthy older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8: 150
- 147 Anson ER, Bigelow RT, Carey JP. Aging increases compensatory saccade amplitude in the video head impulse test. Front Neurol 2016; 18: 113
- 148 Rambold HA. Age-related refixating saccades in the three-dimensional video-head-impulse test: source and dissociation from unilateral vestibular failure. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37: 171-178
- 149 Matiño-Soler E, Esteller-More E. Normative data on angular vestibule-ocular responses in the yaw axis measured using the video head impulse test. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: 466-471
- 150 Palla A, Straumann D. Recovery of the high-acceleration vestibulo-ocular reflex after vestibular neuritis. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2004; 5: 427-435
- 151 Fetter M, Zee DS. Recovery from unilateral labyrinthectomy in rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 1988; 59: 370-393
- 152 Lasker DM, Hullar TE, Minor LB. Horizontal vestibuloocular reflex evoked by high-acceleration rotations in the squirrel monkey. III. Responses after labyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol 2000; 83: 2482-2496
- 153 Hübner PP, Khan SI, Migliaccio AA. The mammalian efferent vestibular system plays a crucial role in the high-frequency response and short-term adaptation of the vestibuloocular reflex. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114: 3154-3165
- 154 Yip CW, Glaser M, Frenzel C. et al. Comparison of the bedside head-impulse test with the video head-impulse test in a clinical practice setting: A prospective study of 500 outpatients. Front Neurol 2016; 20: 58
- 155 Tjernström F, Nyström A, Magnusson M. How to uncover the covert saccade during the head impulse test. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33: 1583-1585
- 156 Jorns-Haderli M, Straumann D, Palla A. Accuracy of the bedside head impulse test in detecting vestibular hypofunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 1113-1118
- 157 Mahringer A, Rambold HA. Caloric test and video-head-impulse: a study of vertigo/dizziness patients in a community hospital. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 463-472
- 158 Curthoys I. Clinicians ask why vHIT? http://headimpulse.com/sites/default/files/7-26-30009-EN_00_PRINT.pd
- 159 Böhmer A, Straumann D, Henn V. et al. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1995; 520: 178-180
- 160 Scherer H, Brandt U, Clarke AH. et al. European vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 3. Caloric nystagmus in microgravity. Exp Brain Res 1986; 64: 255-263
- 161 Arai Y, Yakushin SB, Dai M, Kunin M, Raphan T, Suzuki J, Cohen B. Spatial orientation of caloric nystagmus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 956: 190-204
- 162 Mantokoudis G, Schubert M, Saber T. Early adaptation and compensation of clinical vestibular responses after unilateral vestibular deafferentation surgery. Otol Neurotol 2013; 35: 148-154
- 163 Schmid-Priscoveanu A, Böhmer A, Obzina H. et al. Caloric and search-coil head-impulse testing in patients after vestibular neuritis. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2001; 2: 72-78
- 164 Bartolomeo M, Biboulet R, Pierre G. et al. Value of the video head impulse test in assessing vestibular deficits following vestibular neuritis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 271: 681-688
- 165 McCaslin DL, Jacobson GP, Bennett ML. et al. Predictive properties of the video head impulse test: measures of caloric symmetry and self-report dizziness handicap. Ear Hear 2014; 35: e185-e191
- 166 Rambold HA. Economic management of vertigo/dizziness disease in a county hospital: video-head-impulse test vs. caloric irrigation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272: 2621-2628
- 167 Blödow A, Blödow J, Bloching MB. Horizontal VOR function shows frequency dynamics in vestibular schwannoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272: 2143-2148
- 168 Blödow A, Heinze M, Bloching MB. et al. Caloric stimulation and video-head impulse testing in Ménière's disease and vestibular migraine. Acta Otolaryngol 2014; 134: 1239-1244
- 169 Park HJ, Migliaccio AA, Della Santina CC. et al. Search-coil head-thrust and caloric tests in Ménière's disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2005; 125: 852-857
- 170 Jung J, Suh MJ, Kim SH. Discrepancies between video head impulse and caloric tests in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct. Laryngoscope 2016; DOI: 10.1002/lary.26122. [in press]
- 171 van Esch BF, Nobel-Hoff GE, van Benthem PP. Determining vestibular hypofunction: start with the video-head impulse test. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; DOI: 1007/s00405-016-4055-9. [in press]
- 172 Huon LK, Wang TC, Fang TY. et al. Vertigo and stroke: a national database survey. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33: 1131-1135
- 173 Navi BB, Kamel H, Shah MP. Rate and predictors of serious neurologic causes of dizziness in the emergency department. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 1080-1088
- 174 Atzema CL, Grewal K, Lu H. et al. Outcomes among patients discharged from the emergency department with a diagnosis of peripheral vertigo. Ann Neurol 2016; 79: 32-4
- 175 Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, West BT. et al. Dizziness presentations in U.S. emergency departments, 1995–2004. Acad Emerg Med 2008; 15: 744-750
- 176 Kerber KA, Zahuranec DB, Brown DL. et al. Stroke risk after nonstroke emergency department dizziness presentations: a population-based cohort study. Ann Neurol 2014; 75: 899-907
- 177 Mantokoudis G, Tehrani AS, Wozniak A. VOR gain by head impulse video-oculography differentiates acute vestibular neuritis from stroke. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: 457-465
- 178 Ramaioli C, Colagiorgio P, Sağlam M. et al. The effect of vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits and covert saccades on dynamic vision in opioid-induced vestibular dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 20: e110322
- 179 Jeong SH, Kim YS, Lee JH. et al. Transient positive horizontal head impulse test in pregabalin intoxication. J Epilepsy Res 2015; 5: 101-103
- 180 Roth TN, Weber KP, Wettstein VG. Ethanol consumption impairs vestibulo-ocular reflex function measured by the video head impulse test and dynamic visual acuity. J Vestib Res 2014; 24: 289-295
- 181 Weber KP, Aw ST, Todd MJ. Horizontal head impulse test detects gentamicin vestibulotoxicity. Neurology 2009; 72: 1417-1424
- 182 MacDougall HG, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM. et al. A new saccadic indicator of peripheral vestibular function based on the video head impulse test. Neurology 2016; 87: 410-418
- 183 Heuberger M, Sağlam M, Todd NS. et al. Covert anti-compensatory quick eye movements during head impulses. PLoS One 2014; 14: e93086
- 184 Lindeman HH. Anatomy of the otolith organs. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 1973; 20: 405-433
- 185 Kingma H. Function tests of the otolith or statolith system. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 21-25
- 186 Voit M. Zur Frage der Verästelung des Nervus acusticus bei den Säugetieren. Anat Anz 1907; 31: 635
- 187 Carey J, Amin N. Evolutionary changes in the cochlea and labyrinth: Solving the problem of sound transmission to the balance organs of the inner ear. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2006; 288: 482-489
- 188 Young ED, Fernández C, Goldberg JM. Responses of squirrel monkey vestibular neurons to audio-frequency sound and head vibration. Acta Otolaryngol 1977; 84: 352-360
- 189 Curthoys IS, Vulovic V, Burgess AM. The response of guinea pig primary utricular and saccular irregular neurons to bone-conducted vibration (BCV) and air-conducted sound (ACS). Hear Res 2016; 331: 131-143
- 190 Basta D, Todt I, Ernst A. Characterization of age-related changes in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. J Vestib Res 2007; 17: 93-98
- 191 Basta D, Todt I, Ernst A. Normative data for P1/N1-latencies of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air- or bone-conducted tone bursts. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 2216-2219
- 192 Papathanasiou ES, Murofushi T, Akin FW. et al. International guidelines for the clinical application of cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: an expert consensus report. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 658-666
- 193 Walther LE, Cebulla M. Tipps & Tricks – Vestibulär evozierte myogene Potenziale: Multifrequenzanalyse der Otolithenfunktion mittels Chirp-Stimulation. Laryngorhinootologie 2016; 95: 530-533
- 194 Govender S, Cheng PY, Dennis DL. et al. Electrode montage and gaze effects on ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs). Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 2846-2854
- 195 Govender S, Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG. The effect of gaze direction on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential produced by air-conducted sound. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120: 1386-1391
- 196 Oh SY, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in central vestibular disorders. J Neurol 2016; 263: 210-220
- 197 Walther LE, Westhofen M. Presbyvertigo-aging of otoconia and vestibular sensory cells. J Vestib Res 2007; 17: 89-92
- 198 Agrawal Y, Zuniga MG, Davalos-Bichara M. Decline in semicircular canal and otolith function with age. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33: 832-839
- 199 Piker EG, Jacobson GP, Burkard RF. et al. Effects of age on the tuning of the cVEMP and oVEMP. Ear Hear 2013; 34: e65-e73
- 200 Rosengren SM, Govender S, Colebatch JG. The relative effectiveness of different stimulus waveforms in evoking VEMPs: significance of stimulus energy and frequency. J Vestib Res 19: 33-40
- 201 Rosengren SM, Todd NP, Colebatch JG. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials evoked by brief interaural head acceleration: properties and possible origin. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107: 841-852
- 202 Govender S, Dennis DL, Colebatch JG. Frequency and phase effects on cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs) to air-conducted sound. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234: 2567-2574
- 203 Rosengren SM, Kingma H. New perspectives on vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Curr Opin Neurol 2013; 26: 74-80
- 204 Sandhu JS, Low R, Rea PA. et al. Altered frequency dynamics of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials in patients with Ménière's disease. Otol Neurotol 2012; 33: 444-449
- 205 Kim-Lee Y, Ahn JH, Kim YK. et al. Tone burst vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: diagnostic criteria in patients with Ménière's disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2009; 129: 924-928
- 206 Manzari L, Burgess AM, McGarvie LA. et al. An indicator of probable semicircular canal dehiscence: ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials to high frequencies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 149: 142-145
- 207 Murofushi T, Ozeki H, Inoue A. et al. Does migraine-associated vertigo share a common pathophysiology with Meniere's disease? Study with vestibular-evoked myogenic potential. Cephalalgia 2009; 29: 1259-1266
- 208 Walther LE, Cebulla M. Tips & tricks: dynamic frequency analysis of otolith function using vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). Laryngorhinootologie 2015; 94: 153-155
- 209 Krause E, Mayerhofer A, Gürkov R. et al. Effects of acoustic stimuli used for vestibular evoked myogenic potential studies on the cochlear function. Otol Neurotol 2013; 34: 1186-1192
- 210 Colebatch JG, Rosengren SM. Safe levels of acoustic stimulation: comment on “effects of acoustic stimuli used for vestibular evoked myogenic potential studies on the cochlear function”. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35: 932-934
- 211 Mattingly JK, Portnuff CD, Hondorp BM. et al. Sudden bilateral hearing loss after cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36: 961-964
- 212 Walther LE, Cebulla M. Band limited chirp stimulation in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3888-y. [in press]
- 213 Murofushi T. Clinical application of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP). Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 43: 367-376
- 214 Jacobson GP, McCaslin DL, Piker EG. et al. Patterns of abnormality in cVEMP, oVEMP, and caloric tests may provide topological information about vestibular impairment. Am Acad Audiol 2011; 22: 601-611
- 215 Ochi K, Ohashi T, Watanabe S. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential in patients with unilateral vestibular neuritis: abnormal VEMP and its recovery. J Laryngol Otol 2003; 117: 104-118
- 216 Walther LE, Repik I. Inferior vestibular neuritis: diagnosis using VEMP. HNO 2012; 60: 126-131
- 217 Govender S, Fernando T, Dennis DL. et al. Properties of 500 Hz air- and bone-conducted vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) in superior canal dehiscence. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 2522-2531
- 218 Hunter JB, O'Connell BP, Wang J. et al. Correlation of superior canal dehiscence surface area with vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, audiometric thresholds, and dizziness handicap. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37: 1104-1110
- 219 Brantberg K, Verrecchia L. Testing vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials with 90- dB clicks is effective in the diagnosis of superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Audiol Neurootol 2009; 14: 54-58
- 220 Lee JD, Park MK, Lee BD. et al. Abnormality of cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials and ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials in patients with recurrent benign paroxysmal postitional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol 2013; 133: 150-153
- 221 Seo T, Saka N, Ohta S, Sakagami M. et al. Detection of utricular dysfunction using ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Neurosci Lett 2013; 550: 12-16
- 222 Kim EJ, Oh SY, Kim JS. et al. Persistent otolith dysfunction even after successful repositioning in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. J Neurol Sci 2015; 358: 287-293
- 223 von Brevern M, Schmidt T, Schönfeld U. et al. Utrikular dysfunction in patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol 2006; 27: 92-96
- 224 Rauch SD, Zhou G, Kujawa SG. et al. Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials show altered tuning in patients with Ménière's disease. Otol Neurotol 2004; 25: 333-338
- 225 Park HJ, Lee IS, Shin JE. et al. Frequency-tuning characteristics of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials induced by air-conducted tone bursts. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121: 85-89
- 226 Winters SM, Berg IT, Grolman W. et al. Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: frequency tuning to air-conducted acoustic stimuli in healthy subjects and Ménière's disease. Audiol Neurootol 2012; 17: 12-19
- 227 Longridge NS, Mallinson AI. A discussion of the dynamic illegible "E" test: a new method of screening for aminoglycoside vestibulotoxicity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984; 92: 671-677
- 228 Demer JL, Honrubia V, Baloh RW. Dynamic visual acuity: a test for oscillopsia and vestibulo-ocular reflex function. Am J Otol 1994; 15: 340-347
- 229 Herdman SJ, Tusa RJ, Blatt P. Computerized dynamic visual acuity test in the assessment of vestibular deficits. Am J Otol 1998; 19: 790-796
- 230 Vital D, Hegemann SC, Straumann D. A new dynamic visual acuity test to assess peripheral vestibular function. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 136: 686-691
- 231 Lücke K. A vibratory stimulus of 100 Hz for provoking pathological nystagmus. Z Laryngol Rhinol Otol 1973; 52: 716-720
- 232 Hamann KF, Schuster EM. Vibration-induced nystagmus – A sign of unilateral vestibular deficit. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1999; 61: 74-79
- 233 Koo JW, Kim JS, Hong SK. Vibration-induced nystagmus after acute peripheral vestibular loss: comparative study with other vestibule-ocular reflex tests in the yaw plane. Otol Neurotol 2011; 32: 466-471
- 234 Perez N. Vibration induced nystagmus in normal subjects and in patients with dizziness. A videonystagmography study. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 2003; 124: 85-90
- 235 Dumas G, Perrin P, Schmerber S. Nystagmus induced by high frequency vibrations of the skull in total unilateral peripheral vestibular lesions. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 255-262
- 236 Clarke AH. Laboratory testing of the vestibular system. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 18: 425-430
- 237 Nakashima T, Naganawa S, Suguira M. et al. Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere’s disease. Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 415-420
- 238 Nakashima T, Naganawa S, Teranishi M. et al. Endolymphatic hydrops revealed by intravenous gadolinium injection in patients with Ménière's disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130: 338-343
- 239 Fukuoka H, Tsukada K, Miyagawa M. et al. Semi-quantitative evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops by bilateral intratympanic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration with MRI for Meniere's disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2010; 130: 10-16
- 240 Ziylan F, Smeeing DP, Stegeman I. et al. Click stimulus electrocochleography versus MRI with intratympanic contrast in Ménière's disease: a systematic review. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37: 421-427
- 241 Jerin C, Krause E, Ertl-Wagner B. Longitudinal assessment of endolymphatic hydrops with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the labyrinth. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35: 880-883
- 242 Dieterich M, Eckhardt-Henn A. Neurologische und somatoforme Schwindelsyndrome. Nervenarzt 2004; 75: 281-302
- 243 Schmid G, Henningsen P, Dieterich M. Psychotherapy in dizziness: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82: 601-606
- 244 Eckhardt-Henn A, Best C, Bense S. et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in different organic vertigo syndromes. J Neurol 2008; 255: 420-428
- 245 International Headache Society Classification Subcommittee. The international classification of headache disorders. 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013; 33: 629-808
- 246 Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J. et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria. J Vestib Res 2012; 22: 167-172
- 247 Lempert T. Vestibular migraine. Semin Neurol 2013; 33: 212-218
- 248 Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J. et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria: consensus document of the Bárány Society and the International Headache Society. Nervenarzt 2013; 84: 511-516
- 249 Dieterich M, Obermann M, Celebisoy N. Vestibular migraine: the most frequent entity of episodic vertigo. J Neurol 2016; 263: S82-89
- 250 Jannetta PJ, Møller MB, Møller AR. Disabling positional. Vertigo. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1700-1705
- 251 Hüfner K, Barresi D, Glaser M. et al. Vestibular paroxysmia: diagnostic features and medical treatment. Neurology 2008; 71: 1006-1014
- 252 Hülse M, Partsch CJ, Wolff HD. The acute cervical vertigo under otologic and osteopathic view. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1975; 19: 175-179
- 253 Hülse M, Hölzl M. Vestibulospinal reactions in cervicogenic disequilibrium. Cervicogenic imbalance. HNO 2000; 48: 295-301
- 254 Hölzl M, Gabel P, Weikert S. Influence of different head-trunk positions to the upbeat-nystagmus. Laryngorhinootologie 2009; 88: 92-100
- 255 L'Heureux-Lebeau B, Godbout A, Berbiche D. et al. Evaluation of paraclinical tests in the diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35: 1858-1865
- 256 Feldmann H, Brusis T. Das Gutachten des Hals-Nasen-Ohrenarztes. 7. überarbeitete Auflage. Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart; 2012
- 257 Walther LE, Brusis T. Of the expert office: expert evaluation of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) to current criteria. Laryngorhinootologie 2012; 91: 36-39
- 258 Stoll W. Expert assessment of Menière's disease. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1988; 67: 465-468
- 259 Stoll W. Die Begutachtung vestibulärer Störungen. Laryngol Rhinol Oto 1979; 58: 509-525
- 260 Stoll W. Untersuchungsmethoden zur Objektivierung und Begutachtung vestibulärer Störungen. Neurol 1982; 9: 121–125
- 261 Stoll M, Stoll W. Ein Plädoyer für MdE-Tabellen. Sozialgerichtsbarkeit 1984; 31: 515-518
- 262 Stoll W. Das neurootologische Gutachten. Interdisziplinäre Begutachtung von Schwindel und neurootologischen Funktionsstörungen. Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart; New York: 2002
- 263 Patel M, Arshad Q, Roberts RE. Chronic symptoms after vestibular neuritis and the high-velocity vestibulo-ocular reflex. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37: 179-184
- 264 McCaslin DL, Jacobson GP, Grantham SL. et al. The influence of unilateral saccular impairment on functional balance performance and self-report dizziness. J Am Acad Audiol 2011; 22: 542-549
- 265 Piker EG, Kaylie DM, Garrison D. et al. Hospital anxiety and depression Scale: factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity in Patients with dizziness. Audiol Neurootol 2015; 20: 394-399