Download PDF
Planta Med 2016; 82(07): 606-611
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-101944
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Original Papers
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Immunomodulatory Effects of Nontoxic Glycoprotein Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran

Ho-Young Park
1   Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
4   Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
,
A-Reum Yu
2   Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
,
Hee-Do Hong
2   Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
,
Ha Hyung Kim
3   College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
,
Kwang-Won Lee
4   Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
,
Hee-Don Choi
2   Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi, South Korea
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 09 October 2015
revised 11 January 2016

accepted 15 January 2016

Publication Date:
18 February 2016 (online)

Also available at
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Rice bran, a by-product of brown rice milling, is a rich source of dietary fiber and protein, and its usage as a functional food is expected to increase. In this study, immunomodulatory effects of glycoprotein obtained from rice bran were studied in normal mice and mouse models of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. We prepared glycoprotein from rice bran by using ammonium precipitation and anion chromatography techniques. Different doses of glycoprotein from rice bran (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) were administered orally for 28 days. On day 21, cyclophosphamide at a dose of 100 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally. Glycoprotein from rice bran showed a significant dose-dependent restoration of the spleen index and white blood cell count in the immunocompromised mice. Glycoprotein from rice bran affected the immunomodulatory function by inducing the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes, which produce potential T and B cells. Moreover, it prevented cyclophosphamide-induced damage of Th1-type immunomodulatory function through enhanced secretion of Th1-type cytokines (interferon-γ and interleukin-12). These results indicate that glycoprotein from rice bran significantly recovered cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Based on these data, it was concluded that glycoprotein from rice bran is a potent immunomodulator and can be developed to recover the immunity of immunocompromised individuals.

Key words

rice bran - glycoprotein - cyclophosphamide - immunomodulatory effect - cytokines
 

  • References

  • 1 Weidman JR, Dolinoy DC, Murphy SK, Jirtle RL. Cancer susceptibility: epigenetic manifestation of environmental exposures. Cancer J 2007; 13: 9-16
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes. Pharm Res 2008; 25: 2097-2116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Toll BA, Brandon TH, Gritz ER, Warren GW, Herbst RS. Assessing tobacco use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation: an American Association for Cancer Research policy statement. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19: 1941-1948
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Monach PA, Arnold LM, Merkel PA. Incidence and prevention of bladder toxicity from cyclophosphamide in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a data-driven review. Arthritis Rheum 2010; 62: 9-21
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Diaz-Montero CM, Wang Y, Shao L, Feng W, Zidan AA, Pazoles CJ, Montero AJ, Zhou D. The glutathione disulfide mimetic, NOV-002, inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced hematopoietic and immune suppression by reducing oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52: 1560-1568
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Yeh ET, Bickford CL. Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 2231-2247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Maehara Y, Tsujitani S, Saeki H, Oki E, Yoshinaga K, Emi Y, Morita M, Kohnoe S, Kakeji Y, Yano T, Baba H. Biological mechanism and clinical effect of protein-bound polysaccharide K (KRESTIN®): review of development and future perspectives. Surg Today 2012; 42: 8-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Gerngross TU. Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22: 1409-1414
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bardor M, Faveeuw C, Fitchette AC, Gilbert D, Galas L, Trottein F, Faye L, Lerouge P. Immunoreactivity in mammals of two typical plant glyco-epitopes, core alpha(1, 3)-fucose and core xylose. Glycobiology 2003; 13: 427-434
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Park HY, Yu AR, Choi IW, Hong HD, Lee KW, Choi HD. Immunostimulatory effects and characterization of a glycoprotein fraction from rice bran. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17: 191-197
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Ito M, Kato T, Matsuda T. Rice allergenic proteins, 14–16 kDa albumin and alpha-globulin, remain insoluble in rice grains recovered from rice miso (rice-containing fermented soybean paste). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2005; 69: 1137-1144
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Müller I, Subert N, Otto H, Herbst R, Rühling H, Maniak M, Leippe M. A Dictyostelium mutant with reduced lysozyme levels compensates by increased phagocytic activity. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 10435-10443
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6: 317-333
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Mares J, Kumaran S, Gobbo M, Zerbe O. Interactions of lipopolysaccharide and polymyxin studied by NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 11498-11506
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Huyan XH, Lin YP, Gao T, Chen RY, Fan YM. Immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on white blood cells and lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood of Balb/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11: 1293-1297
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 de Jonge ME, Huitema AD, Rodenhuis S, Beijnen JH. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005; 44: 1135-1164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Nicolini A, Mancini P, Ferrari P, Anselmi L, Tartarelli G, Bonazzi V, Carpi A, Giardino R. Oral low-dose cyclophosphamide in metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer (MHRPC). Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58: 447-450
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Luznik L, Jones RJ, Fuchs EJ. High-dose cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease prevention. Curr Opin Hematol 2010; 17: 493-499
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Inatsuka C, Yang Y, Gad E, Rastetter L, Disis ML, Lu H. Gamma delta T cells are activated by polysaccharide K (PSK) and contribute to the anti-tumor effect of PSK. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62: 1335-1345
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Aoki R, Iijima H, Kato M, Uchida M, Wada T, Murata M, Ogawa K, Naritaka Y, Yoshimatsu K. Protein-bound polysaccharide-K reduces the proportion of regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo . Oncol Rep 2014; 31: 50-56
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wang J, Tong X, Li P, Cao H, Su W. Immuno-enhancement effects of Shenqi Fuzheng Injection on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in Balb/c mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 139: 788-795
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Stuart LM, Ezekowitz RA. Phagocytosis: elegant complexity. Immunity 2005; 22: 539-550
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Lin G, Yu X, Wang J, Qu S, Sui D. Beneficial effects of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol on antitumor activity and toxicity of cyclophosphamide in tumor-bearing mice. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5: 443-447
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Rao A, Avni O. Molecular aspects of T-cell differentiation. Br Med Bull 2000; 56: 969-984
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Lacy P, Stow JL. Cytokine release from innate immune cells: association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways. Blood 2011; 118: 9-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Wang H, Wang M, Chen J, Tang Y, Dou J, Yu J, Xi T, Zhou C. A polysaccharide from Strongylocentrotus nudus eggs protects against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11: 1946-1953
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227: 680-685
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Nudo LP, Catap ES. Immunostimulatory effects of Uncaria perrottetii (A. Rich.) Merr. (Rubiaceae) vinebark aqueous extract in Balb/C mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 133: 613-620
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar