Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740289
COVID-19 Infection: Impact on Hair
Abstract
With a practice dedicated to hair restoration and hair loss management, the authors have seen a large number of patients presenting with increased hair fall in the last 18 months. Hair fall after a stressfull event such as infections with febrile episodes is known. However, the latent period between the infective episode and hair fall has been shorter after COVID-19 infection than before. This review attempts to look at various pathways responsible for hair fall and if this differs from the conventional hair fall seen after any infection. It also tries to understand if the infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus has a direct impact on the hair follicle leading to hair fall.
Publication History
Article published online:
13 December 2021
© 2021. Association of Plastic Surgeons of India. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India
-
References
- 1 Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5 (04) 536-544 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
- 2 Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A. et al. Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus (COVID-19) [Updated 2021 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Accessed November 17, 2021 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
- 3 Parasher A. COVID-19: Current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment. Postgrad Med J 2021; 97 (1147): 312-320
- 4 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
- 5 Xiong Q, Xu M, Li J. et al. Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27 (01) 89-95
- 6 Mieczkowska K, Deutsch A, Borok J. et al. Telogen effluvium: a sequela of COVID-19. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60 (01) 122-124
- 7 Olds H, Liu J, Luk K, Lim HW, Ozog D, Rambhatla PV. Telogen effluvium associated with COVID-19 infection. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 34 (02) e14761
- 8 Rizzetto G, Diotallevi F, Campanati A. et al. Telogen effluvium related to post severe Sars-Cov-2 infection: clinical aspects and our management experience. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 34 (01) e14547
- 9 Lv S, Wang L, Zou X. et al. A case of acute telogen effluvium after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14: 385-387
- 10 Recalcati S. Cutaneous manifestations in COVID-19: a first perspective. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 (05) e212-e213
- 11 Fatemeh S, Bahareh H. et al. COVID-19 and skin manifestations: an overview of case reports/case series and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. JOURNAL Frontiers in Medicine 2020; 7: 651
- 12 Sachdeva M, Gianotti R, Shah M. et al. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: Report of three cases and a review of literature. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98 (02) 75-81
- 13 Jia JL, Kamceva M, Rao SA, Linos E. Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a preliminary review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83 (02) 687-690
- 14 Genovese G, Moltrasio C, Berti E, Marzano AV. Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: current knowledge and future perspectives. Dermatology 2021; 237 (01) 1-12
- 15 Deshmukh V, Motwani R, Kumar A, Kumari C, Raza K. Histopathological observations in COVID-19: a systematic review. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74 (02) 76-83
- 16 Trüeb RM, Dutra Rezende H, Gavazzoni Dias MFR. What can the hair tell us about COVID-19?. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30 (02) 288-290
- 17 Shanshal M. COVID-19 related anagen effluvium. J Dermatolog Treat 2020; 1-2 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1792400.
- 18 Salamanna F, Maglio M, Landini MP, Fini M. Body localization of ACE-2: on the trail of the keyhole of SARS-CoV-2. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 594495
- 19 Saponaro F, Rutigliano G, Sestito S. et al. ACE2 in the era of SARS-CoV-2: controversies and novel perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7: 588618
- 20 Radzikowska U, Ding M, Tan G. et al. Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors. Allergy 2020; 75 (11) 2829-2845
- 21 Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, Lely AT, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 2004; 203 (02) 631-637
- 22 Rossi A, Magri F, Sernicola A. et al. Telogen effluvium after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a series of cases and possible pathogenetic mechanisms. Skin Appendage Disord 2021; 21: 1-5
- 23 Tirado SM, Yoon KJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection and disease. Viral Immunol 2003; 16 (01) 69-86
- 24 Ulrich H, Pillat MM, Tárnok A. Dengue fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE): a perspective. Cytometry A 2020; 97 (07) 662-667
- 25 Hajela K. Structure and function of Fc receptors. Biochem Educ 1991; 19 (02) 50-57 ISSN 0307–4412
- 26 Wei KC, Huang MS, Tsung-Hsien C. Dengue VIPHHFDPC. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8: 268
- 27 Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Kusakabe S. et al. Regulation of apoptosis during flavivirus infection. Viruses 2017; 9 (09) 243
- 28 Abrantes TF, Artounian KA, Falsey R. et al. Time of onset and duration of post-COVID-19 acute telogen effluvium. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85 (04) 975-976 [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jul 21]
- 29 Gohary YM, Abdel Fattah DS. Detection of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in nonlesional tissues of alopecia areata patients: a prove for a systemic disease. Int J Trichology 2017; 9 (04) 154-159
- 30 Kanwar AJ, Narang T. Anagen effluvium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013; 79 (05) 604-612
- 31 Gianotti R, Zerbi P, Dodiuk-Gad RP. Clinical and histopathological study of skin dermatoses in patients affected by COVID-19 infection in the Northern part of Italy. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 98 (02) 141-143
- 32 Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D. et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res 2020; 220: 1-13
- 33 Watras MM, Patel JP, Arya R. Traditional anticoagulants and hair loss: a role for direct oral anticoagulants? A review of the Literature. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2016; 3 (01) 1-6
- 34 Vaughn VM, Yost M, Abshire C. et al. Trends in venous thromboembolism anticoagulation in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4 (06) e2111788
- 35 Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291: 113190
- 36 Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 52: 102066
- 37 Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE. et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020; 395 (10227) 912-920
- 38 Nguyen H, Tran N. et al. Perceived stress of quarantine and isolation during COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Volume 2021; 12: 651
- 39 Botchkarev VA. Stress and the hair follicle: exploring the connections. Am J Pathol 2003; 162 (03) 709-712
- 40 Chu B, Marwaha K, Sanvictores T. et al. Physiology, Stress Reaction. [Updated 2021 Jun 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541120/
- 41 Peters EMJ, Müller Y, Snaga W. et al. Hair and stress: a pilot study of hair and cytokine balance alteration in healthy young women under major exam stress. PLoS One 2017; 12 (04) e0175904
- 42 Hadshiew IM, Foitzik K, Arck PC, Paus R. Burden of hair loss: stress and the underestimated psychosocial impact of telogen effluvium and androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 123 (03) 455-457
- 43 FIvenson D. COVID-19: association with rapidly progressive forms of alopecia areata. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60 (01) 127
- 44 Malkud S. Telogen effluvium: a review. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9 (09) WE01-WE03
- 45 Grover C, Khurana A. Telogen effluvium. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013; 79 (05) 591-603
- 46 Rebora A. Telogen effluvium: a comprehensive review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12: 583-590
- 47 McDonald KA, Shelley AJ, Colantonio S, Beecker J. Hair pull test: evidence-based update and revision of guidelines. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 76 (03) 472-477
- 48 Jain N, Doshi B, Khopkar U. Trichoscopy in alopecias: diagnosis simplified. Int J Trichology 2013; 5 (04) 170-178 DOI: 10.4103/0974-7753.130385.